{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:32:27Z","timestamp":1790400747096,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,5]],"date-time":"2014-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vision for Tomorrow","award":["no number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dopamine is an intermediate product in the biosynthesis of melanin pigment, which is absent or reduced in albinism. Animal research has shown that supplying a precursor to dopamine, levodopa, may improve visual acuity in albinism by enhancing neural networks. This study examines the safety and effectiveness of levodopa on best\u2010corrected visual acuity in human subjects with albinism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective, randomized, placebo\u2010controlled, double\u2010masked clinical trial conducted at the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>niversity of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>innesota.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010five subjects with albinism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjects with albinism were randomly assigned to one of three treatment arms: levodopa 0.76\u2009mg\/kg with 25% carbidopa, levodopa 0.51\u2009mg\/kg with 25% carbidopa, or placebo and followed for 20 weeks, with best\u2010corrected visual acuity measured at enrollment, and at weeks 5, 10, 15, and 20 after enrollment. Side\u2010effects were recorded with a symptom survey. Blood was drawn for genotyping.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Side\u2010effects and best\u2010corrected visual acuity 20 weeks after enrolment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All subjects had at least one mutation found in a gene known to cause albinism. Mean age was 14.5 years (range: 3.5 to 57.8 years). Follow up was 100% and compliance was good. Minor side\u2010effects were reported; there were no serious adverse events. There was no statistically significant improvement in best\u2010corrected visual acuity after 20 weeks with either dose of levodopa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Levodopa, in the doses used in this trial and for the time course of administration, did not improve visual acuity in subjects with albinism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]],"date-time":"2014-03-19T09:02:59Z","timestamp":1395219779000},"page":"713-721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Does levodopa improve vision in albinism? 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