{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:03:41Z","timestamp":1785765821786,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,13]],"date-time":"2014-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000182","name":"Medical Research and Materiel Command, U.S. Army Medical Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>The incidence of blast\u2010induced ocular injury has dramatically increased due to advances in weaponry and military tactics. A single exposure to blast overpressure (BOP<\/jats:styled-content>) has been shown to cause damage to the eye in animal models; however, on the battlefield, military personnel are exposed to BOP<\/jats:styled-content> multiple times. The effects of repeated exposures to BOP<\/jats:styled-content> on ocular tissues have not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to characterize the effects of single or repeated exposure on ocular tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>A compressed air shock tube was used to deliver 70\u2009\u00b1\u20097\u2009KPa BOP<\/jats:styled-content> to rats, once (single blast overpressure [SBOP<\/jats:styled-content>]) or once daily for 5 days (repeated blast overpressure [RBOP<\/jats:styled-content>]). Immunohistochemistry was performed to characterize the pathophysiology of ocular injuries induced by SBOP<\/jats:styled-content> and RBOP<\/jats:styled-content>. Apoptosis was determined by quantification activated caspase 3. Gliosis was examined by detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP<\/jats:styled-content>). Inflammation was examined by detection of CD<\/jats:styled-content>68.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Activated caspase 3 was detected in ocular tissues from all animals subjected to BOP<\/jats:styled-content>, while those exposed to RBOP<\/jats:styled-content> had more activated caspase 3 in the optic nerve than those exposed to SBOP<\/jats:styled-content>. GFAP<\/jats:styled-content> was detected in the retinas from all animals subjected to BOP<\/jats:styled-content>. CD<\/jats:styled-content>68 was detected in optic nerves from all animals exposed to BOP<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>SBOP<\/jats:styled-content> and RBOP<\/jats:styled-content> induced retinal damage. RBOP<\/jats:styled-content> caused more apoptosis in the optic nerve than SBOP<\/jats:styled-content>, suggesting that RBOP<\/jats:styled-content> causes more severe optic neuropathy than SBOP<\/jats:styled-content>. SBOP<\/jats:styled-content> and RBOP<\/jats:styled-content> caused gliosis in the retina and increased inflammation in the optic nerve.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]],"date-time":"2014-08-12T02:13:32Z","timestamp":1407809612000},"page":"239-246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Pathophysiology of blast\u2010induced ocular trauma in rats after repeated exposure to low\u2010level blast overpressure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Jae Hyek","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Trauma Task Area U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research JBSA Fort Sam Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney A","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Trauma Task Area U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research JBSA Fort Sam Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Trauma Task Area U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research JBSA Fort Sam Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikulas","family":"Chavko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroTrauma Department Naval Medical Research Center Silver Spring Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery M","family":"Cleland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Trauma Task Area U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research JBSA Fort Sam Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M","family":"McCarron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroTrauma Department Naval Medical Research Center Silver Spring Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heuy\u2010Ching","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Trauma Task Area U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research JBSA Fort Sam Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3283140e98"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.04.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1010683"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.319.5862.406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-130182","article-title":"Blast exposure causes early and persistent aberrant phospho\u2010 and cleaved\u2010tau expression in a murine model of mild blast\u2010induced traumatic brain injury","volume":"37","author":"Huber BR","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.5028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31827f15a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00504"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-79"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11522"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-153-02-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"[Eye blast by compressed air]","volume":"76","author":"Cornand G","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559302300213","article-title":"Blast injuries of the eye","volume":"23","author":"Zerihun N","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"CarrWet\u2009al.Investigating effects of repeat lo\u2010level blasts in a volunteer population. 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