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Two valid subscales of the instrument were obtained using pilot data after an iterative item reduction process guided by\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      asch\u2010based parameters. The person measures (in logits) of 614 participants were used to assess quality of life using univariate and multivariate regression analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      asch logits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      asch analysis confirmed a 17\u2010item instrument containing an 8\u2010item activity limitation subscale and a 9\u2010item well\u2010being subscale. Both subscales were unidimensional and demonstrated good fit statistics, measurement precisions and absence of significant differential item functioning. A consistent deterioration in vision\u2010specific quality of life was independently and significantly associated with levels of vision. Severity of vision impairment and ocular morbidity were independently associated with activity limitation and emotional well\u2010being. Participants with refractive error had lower quality of life score than those with no ocular abnormality but higher score than those with cataract and other eye diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The 17\u2010item\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VS QoL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      instrument is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of impact of impaired vision on quality of life in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Vision\u2010specific quality of life was significantly worse among participants who were older and less\u2010educated, had lower income and have had ocular morbidities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,18]],"date-time":"2014-08-18T00:07:27Z","timestamp":1408320447000},"page":"202-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<scp>P<\/scp>\n                    apua\n                    <scp>N<\/scp>\n                    ew\n                    <scp>G<\/scp>\n                    uinea vision\u2010specific quality of life questionnaire: a new patient\u2010reported outcome instrument to assess the impact of impaired vision"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Prakash","family":"Paudel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Khadka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Optometry and Vision Science Flinders University  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthea","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Hani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PNG Eye Care Port Moresby General Hospital  Boroko Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Naduvilath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim R","family":"Fricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0661"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.03.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0110-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-7127"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.047498"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.3.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2009.00563.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1584.2008.01039.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2006.00033.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Geohive[Internet].Papua New Guinea population statistics.2011. 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