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Histological sections of the retina and optic nerve were analysed on days 1, 3 or 21 after injury. Molecular analysis with real\u2010time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to study the expression of CD<\/jats:styled-content>45, tumour necrosis\u2010alpha (TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein, as well as retinal ganglion cell (RGC<\/jats:styled-content>) markers THY<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and B<\/jats:styled-content>rn3b.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>There was a 25.5% and 38% loss in the RGC<\/jats:styled-content> layer of the ONC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010injured eyes of the TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2212\/\u2212 and the WT<\/jats:styled-content> mice, respectively (with 27% and 9% of the remaining cells positive for B<\/jats:styled-content>rn3a, respectively). Mean levels of T<\/jats:styled-content>hy\u20101 and B<\/jats:styled-content>rn3b were higher in the TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2212\/\u2212 mice. CD<\/jats:styled-content>45 and Iba1 staining revealed infiltration of inflammatory cells into the injured nerve and retina in both groups. Molecular analysis of the optic nerve on day 1 showed increased TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 expression and reduced CD<\/jats:styled-content>45 and GFAP<\/jats:styled-content> expression; on day 3, CD<\/jats:styled-content>45 reverted to baseline but GFAP<\/jats:styled-content> remained low; on day 21, all 3 markers were at baseline in the TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2212\/\u2212 group and decreased in the WT<\/jats:styled-content> group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Inflammation plays a major role in the response to ONC<\/jats:styled-content> injury. Reduced levels of inflammation are associated with improved RGC<\/jats:styled-content> preservation. The increase in TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 and reduction in CD<\/jats:styled-content>45 in both TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2212\/\u2212 and WT<\/jats:styled-content> mice may indicate the presence of an alternative pathway for induction of RGC<\/jats:styled-content> death.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]],"date-time":"2015-03-05T11:16:19Z","timestamp":1425554179000},"page":"655-665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Toll\u2010like receptor\u20104 knockout mice are more resistant to optic nerve crush damage than wild\u2010type mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Dana","family":"Morzaev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Krieger Eye Research Laboratory Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petach Tikva Israel"},{"name":"Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 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