{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T13:25:25Z","timestamp":1773408325073,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,13]],"date-time":"2015-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1431475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan","award":["21592248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21592248"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Oxidative and nitrative processes have an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress occurs when cellular production of reactive oxygen species outweighs the protective capacity of antioxidant defences. Reactive oxygen species are generated as by\u2010products of cellular metabolism, primarily in the mitochondria. Herein, we present a novel investigation of the effects of molecular hydrogen (H2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>) on retinal cells exposed to oxidative stress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We cultured adult rat retinal tissues in an organotypic culture system with a nitric oxide donor, S<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010nitroso\u2010N<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010acetylpenicillamine, in the presence or absence of H2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content>. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis of retinal cells were analysed using a MitoTMRE<\/jats:styled-content> detection kit and TdT\u2010mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL<\/jats:styled-content>) assay, respectively. Tyrosine nitration levels and oxidative stress damage in the retina were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining. Retinal damage was quantified by measuring the numbers of cells in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers and the thickness of the retina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>H2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> suppressed loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis in retinal cells. Moreover, H2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> decreased the tyrosine nitration level and suppressed oxidative stress damage in retinal cells. S<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010nitroso\u2010N<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010acetylpenicillamine treatment decreased the cell numbers in the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer, but the presence of H2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> inhibited this reduction. These findings suggest that H2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> has a neuroprotective effect against retinal cell oxidative damage, presumably by scavenging peroxynitrite.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>H2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> reduces cellular peroxynitrite, a highly toxic reactive nitrogen species. Thus, H2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> may be an effective and novel clinical tool for treating glaucoma and other oxidative stress\u2010related diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,20]],"date-time":"2015-03-20T16:39:20Z","timestamp":1426869560000},"page":"568-577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Protective effect of molecular hydrogen against oxidative stress caused by peroxynitrite derived from nitric oxide in rat retina"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yokota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Institute of Development and Aging Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Nippon Medical School Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Kamimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Institute of Development and Aging Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Nippon Medical School Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Institute of Development and Aging Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Nippon Medical School Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Oharazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Musashikosugi Hospital Nippon Medical School Kawasaki Kanagawa 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