{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:46:42Z","timestamp":1787014002890,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001108","name":"Ophthalmic Research Institute of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aims to evaluate the effect of subconjunctival glucose on the retinal ganglion cells (\n RGCs<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) in experimental retinal ischaemia and contrast sensitivity in humans with primary open\u2010angle glaucoma (\n POAG<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n First, we measured the intravitreal concentration of glucose at various time points after a subconjunctival injection of 100\u2009\u03bcl of 50% glucose to\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n prague\u2010\n D<\/jats:styled-content>\n awley rats. Next, treatment and control groups received 50% subconjunctival glucose and iso\u2010osmotic (8%) saline, respectively, 1\u2009h prior to a unilateral ischaemic retinal injury; 7 days later, the damage profiles were compared using\n RGC<\/jats:styled-content>\n and axon counts. Subsequently, we conducted a double\u2010blind, crossover, pilot clinical study in seven eyes of five pseudophakic subjects with severe\n POAG<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Subjects received either 0.3\u2009mL of 50% glucose subconjunctivally or iso\u2010osmotic (8%) saline, then\n vice versa<\/jats:italic>\n after a 2\u20133 week \u2018wash\u2010out\u2019 period; change in contrast sensitivity from baseline was the primary outcome.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Subconjunctival glucose preserved approximately 60% of Brn3a\u2010positive\n RGCs<\/jats:styled-content>\n in all retinal zones compared with an 80% loss in control retinas, and rescued approximately 40% of the axonal loss. In the human trial, the contrast sensitivity at 12 cycles\/degree was 0.24 log units greater than baseline (95% confidence interval 0.12\u20130.36;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Subconjunctival glucose partially protects\n RGC<\/jats:styled-content>\n somata and axons against an ischaemic insult and temporarily recovers contrast sensitivity in patients with severe\n POAG<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Although an unlikely therapeutic strategy for\n POAG<\/jats:styled-content>\n , the findings motivate further bioenergetic\u2010based research in glaucoma and other optic nerve and retinal diseases, where energy failure may be part of the pathogenesis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]],"date-time":"2015-07-23T04:28:50Z","timestamp":1437625730000},"page":"24-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of subconjunctival glucose on retinal ganglion cell survival in experimental retinal ischaemia and contrast sensitivity in human glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"O'Sam","family":"Shibeeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Research Laboratories South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology Centre for Neurological Diseases Hanson Institute Adelaide South Australia 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