{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:12:49Z","timestamp":1791637969127,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]],"date-time":"2017-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004327","name":"SingHealth Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SHF\/FG576S\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHF\/FG576S\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004327","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is limited literature on lifestyle and health factors related to primary open\u2010angle glaucoma amongst Asians.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study evaluated the association of primary open\u2010angle glaucoma with smoking, health and ocular factors amongst Chinese Singaporeans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study used 711 primary open\u2010angle glaucoma patients from a Singapore hospital and 2788 population\u2010based controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjects underwent clinical examination and completed a questionnaire with details on family history of glaucoma, comorbidities, smoking and alcohol consumption. Glaucoma cases were subclassified as normal or high\u2010tension glaucoma according to their untreated intraocular pressures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association of various health and lifestyle factors, with normal\u2010tension and high\u2010tension glaucoma was evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using multiple logistic regression, primary open\u2010angle glaucoma was associated with older age (odds ratio 1.12 per year older; 95% confidence interval 1.10\u20131.15; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), family history of glaucoma (odds ratio 7.86; 95% confidence interval 4.48\u201313.79; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), higher intraocular pressure (odds ratio 1.75 per 1 mmHg; 95% confidence interval 1.64\u20131.87; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and thinner central corneal thickness (odds ratio 1.01; 95% confidence interval 1.01\u20131.02; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Myopes were more likely to have primary open\u2013angle glaucoma (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). A current smoking habit was protective against normal\u2010tension glaucoma (odds ratio 0.30; 95% confidence interval 0.10\u20130.92; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.035).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Older age, family history of glaucoma, higher intraocular pressure, thinner central corneal thickness and myopia were significantly associated with primary open\u2010angle glaucoma amongst Chinese Singaporeans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T14:52:44Z","timestamp":1497624764000},"page":"25-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Social, health and ocular factors associated with primary open\u2010angle glaucoma amongst Chinese Singaporeans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8076-8498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Chiam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4639-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mani","family":"Baskaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre  Singapore"},{"name":"Eye\u2010ACP Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Institute of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamira","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute 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