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Questionnaires about eye usage time were collected. Grade 1 students were followed for 4\u2009years, and grade 2 and 3 students for 2\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(i) Change of spherical equivalent (SE) and AL and (ii) risk factors for progression and incidence of myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average 2\u2010year progress of SE was 0.91D, 0.91D and 1.11D for grade 1, 2 and 3, respectively, and the average elongation of AL was 0.70\u2009mm, 0.64\u2009mm and 0.71\u2009mm, respectively. Only parental myopia, but not near work time, near work diopter time, outdoor activity time or attending tutoring classes, was associated with myopia incidence and progression in the present population. Using baseline SE could be a simple and effective indicator for myopia prediction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incidence and progression of myopia is relatively high in schoolchildren in Shanghai compared with children of Western countries, East Asia and other parts of China. Effective strategies to control myopia prevalence are in urgent need.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T01:49:35Z","timestamp":1522028975000},"page":"861-872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Cohort study with 4\u2010year follow\u2010up of myopia and refractive parameters in primary schoolchildren in Baoshan District, Shanghai"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4250-0356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Ophthalmology Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of 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