{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:48:18Z","timestamp":1791510498269,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"South Auckland Vision Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first national study on childhood visual impairment in a developed nation, New Zealand, describing prevalence, aetiology and preventable causes of low vision and blindness in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Causes of childhood blindness vary between regions. This study aimed to present region\u2010specific data on epidemiology of childhood blindness affecting a developed nation, New Zealand.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective data analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>All children enrolled with the Blind and Low Vision Education Network New Zealand (BLENNZ) with best\u2010corrected visual acuity\u2009\u22646\/18, or binocular visual field &lt;10\u00b0.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>1000 out of 1321 children with visual impairment enrolled with BLENNZ were included. The principal cause of visual loss was determined, and the severity of visual loss categorized as low vision, or blindness according to the World Health Organization criteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Main outcome measures were degree of visual impairment, aetiology of visual impairment and treatment modalities for visual rehabilitation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The calculated prevalence of childhood blindness and low vision was 0.05% and 0.06%. Principle causes of blindness were cortical visual impairment (31.5%), optic nerve atrophy (16.5%) and optic nerve hypoplasia (9.0%). The main preventable causes of blindness were neonatal trauma\/asphyxia (31.5%), retinopathy of prematurity (18.2%) and non\u2010accidental injury (10.3%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first national report on prevalence of childhood low vision and blindness in New Zealand. The prevalence and leading causes of low vision and blindness found in this study were comparable to other developed nations; however, preventable causes of low vision and blindness appeared unique to New Zealand.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T07:30:11Z","timestamp":1542267011000},"page":"165-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Causes of childhood low vision and blindness in New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-6819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"CheeFoong","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles N. J.","family":"McGhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuan H.","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Visual impairment and blindness.http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs282\/en\/. 2012. 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