{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:52:01Z","timestamp":1777521121866,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exogenous endophthalmitis is a potential complication of intraocular surgery and frequently results in visual impairment. Current treatment involves administration of intravitreal (IVT) antibiotics with or without vitrectomy surgery. Evidence for the use of adjunctive anti\u2010inflammatory agents is conflicting. We set out to determine if bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody targeted against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has anti\u2010inflammatory properties in experimental models of Gram\u2010positive and Gram\u2010negative inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>BALB\/c mice were subjected to lipopolysaccharide\u2010 (LPS) or peptidoglycan\u2010 (PGN) induced ocular inflammation and treated with IVT bevacizumab. Iris microvasculature was imaged 6 hours following irritant\/treatment using intravital microscopy (IVM) before the mice were euthanized and the eyes were enucleated immediately post\u2010mortem. Following enucleation, levels of VEGF and 23 cytokines and chemokines (IL\u20101\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20102, IL\u20103, IL\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u20106, IL\u201010, IL\u201012 (p40), IL\u201012 (p70), IL\u201013, IL\u201017, TNF, KC, G\u2010CSF, GM\u2010CSF, Eotaxin, INF\u2010\u03b3, MCP\u20101, MIP\u20101\u03b1, MIP\u20101\u03b2, RANTES) were quantified using a multiplex assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Levels of VEGF were significantly increased during the inflammatory response, triggered by either PGN or LPS. Both the adherence of leukocytes to the iris vascular endothelium and the levels of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were significantly increased following administration of either irritant. Treatment with bevacizumab decreased levels of leukocyte adherence in LPS\u2010treated eyes, however, not in PGN\u2010treated eyes. Conversely, bevacizumab treatment decreased levels of cytokines and chemokines (TNF, IL\u20106, MCP\u20101, MIP\u20101\u03b1, MIP\u20101\u03b2, RANTES, KC) in PGN\u2010treated eyes, however, not in LPS\u2010treated eyes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within a 6\u2010hour window bevacizumab had anti\u2010inflammatory actions that were distinct in both Gram\u2010positive (PIU) and Gram\u2010negative (EIU) models, respectively. Given our findings, this would suggest that bevacizumab may have utility as an adjunctive therapy to IVT antibiotics and vitrectomy in the management of exogenous endophthalmitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T18:49:42Z","timestamp":1543430982000},"page":"638-645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of intravitreal bevacizumab in Gram\u2010positive and Gram\u2010negative models of ocular inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8181-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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