{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:35:36Z","timestamp":1791362136981,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID190106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID190106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the ocular surface disturbances in COVID\u201019 patients discharged from the hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and seventy\u2010nine eyes of 109 healthy participants and 456 eyes of 228 post\u2010COVID\u201019 patients received comprehensive eye examinations; the latter were interviewed with questionnaires on ocular symptoms before and after COVID\u201019 diagnosis. Associations of ocular surface manifestations with virological and ophthalmic parameters were evaluated by multivariable mixed linear or logistic regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean interval between COVID\u201019 diagnosis and ophthalmic evaluation was 52.23\u2009\u00b1\u200916.12\u2009days. The severity of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) based on clinical staging was higher in post\u2010COVID\u201019 than healthy eyes (1.14\u2009\u00b1\u20090.67 vs. 0.92\u2009\u00b1\u20090.68, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.002) and so was ocular surface staining score (0.60\u2009\u00b1\u20090.69 vs. 0.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.68, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.044). Patients requiring supplementary oxygen during hospitalisation had shorter tear break\u2010up time (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> \u22121.63, 95% CI \u20102.61 to \u22120.65). Cycle threshold (Ct) value from upper respiratory samples (inversely correlated with viral load) at diagnosis had an OR\u00a0=\u00a00.91 (95% CI 0.84\u20130.98) with new ocular surface symptoms 4\u2009weeks after diagnosis. The presence of ocular surface symptoms 1\u00a0week prior to COVID\u201019 diagnosis showed an OR of 20.89 (95% CI 6.35\u201368.66) of persistent or new ocular symptoms 4\u2009weeks afterward.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>MGD and ocular surface staining are more common and severe in post\u2010COVID\u201019 patients. Patients with higher viral loads have greater risks of ocular surface symptoms. Patients requiring supplementary oxygen are more likely to show tear film instability. Ocular surface evaluation should be considered 1\u20133\u00a0months following hospital discharge for any COVID\u201019 patient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T08:03:10Z","timestamp":1645862590000},"page":"398-406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Ocular surface disturbance in patients after acute COVID\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0307-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelvin H.","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace C. Y.","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken C. F.","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna S. S.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvin L.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S. C.","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement C. Y.","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul K. S.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Pui","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shatin Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2587-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelvin K. 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