{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:15:21Z","timestamp":1790399721626,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>COVID\u201019 has had a significant impact on the global population and has produced compelling evidence of non\u2010pulmonary organ dysfunction, including the nervous system. It is vital that specialists in ophthalmology and neurology are informed of the potential complications of COVID\u201019 and gain a deeper understanding of how COVID\u201019 can cause diseases of the nervous system. In this review we detail four possible mechanisms by which COVID\u201019 infection may result in neurological or neuro\u2010ophthalmological complications: (1) Toxic and metabolic effects of severe pulmonary COVID\u201019 disease on the neural axis including hypoxia and the systemic hyper\u2010inflammatory state, (2) endothelial dysfunction, (3) dysimmune responses directed again the neuroaxis, and (4) direct neuro\u2010invasion and injury by the virus itself. We explore the pathological evidence for each of these and how they may link to neuro\u2010ophthalmological disorders. Finally, we explore the evidence for long\u2010term neurological and neuro\u2010ophthalmological complications of COVID\u201019, with a focus on neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T07:14:29Z","timestamp":1678691669000},"page":"370-379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An eye to the future: Acute and long\u2010term neuro\u2010ophthalmological and neurological complications of COVID\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5898-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robb","family":"Wesselingh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University  Level 6, Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road Melbourne 3004 Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Alfred Health  55 Commercial Road Melbourne 3004 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve L.","family":"Wesselingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute  North Terrace Adelaide 5000 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.WHO coronavirus (COVID\u201019) dashboard 2022. Accessed November 1 2022https:\/\/covid19.who.int"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.11.1673"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-021-01042-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02166-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03710-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-021-00933-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012344"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009700"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_3589_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15497"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-324837"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14549"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001129"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/PJNNS.a2021.0036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001498"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.1173"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","article-title":"Effect of COVID\u201019 lockdowns on eye emergency department, increasing prevalence of uveitis and optic neuritis in the COVID\u201019 era","volume":"10","author":"Przybek\u2010Skrzypecka J","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","article-title":"Bilateral optic neuritis and facial palsy following COVID\u201019 infection","volume":"14","author":"Behera G","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.931665"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.578011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51609"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.577933"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2021.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in COVID\u201019: an overview of evidence, biomarkers, mechanisms and potential therapies","author":"Xu SW","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256744"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12677"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2021.108829"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-324927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001135"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): diagnosis and management","volume":"22","author":"Triplett JD","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7134"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120947591"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01220-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02213-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001526"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092647"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001362"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.866153"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420965963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001467"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Covid 19 associated idiopathic intracranial hypertension and acute vision loss. Indian","author":"Thakur S","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2021.103259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.573095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10604-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30308-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5878"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02001-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00260-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acac004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262677"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51498"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215506"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0461"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.30645"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-18-07079.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2022.100184"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13987"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05816-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211001019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14612-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0058-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abi7643"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11233-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10595-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14703"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103512"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ceo.14221","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ceo.14221","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ceo.14221","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T11:16:07Z","timestamp":1692530167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ceo.14221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ceo.14221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ceo.14221","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1442-6404","1442-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1442-6404","type":"print"},{"value":"1442-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}