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However, interpreting OCT images requires experts in both OCT images and eye diseases since many factors such as artefacts and concomitant diseases can affect the accuracy of quantitative measurements made by post\u2010processing algorithms. Currently, there is a growing interest in applying deep learning (DL) methods to analyse OCT images automatically. This review summarises the trends in DL\u2010based OCT image analysis in ophthalmology, discusses the current gaps, and provides potential research directions. DL in OCT analysis shows promising performance in several tasks: (1) layers and features segmentation and quantification; (2) disease classification; (3) disease progression and prognosis; and (4) referral triage level prediction. Different studies and trends in the development of DL\u2010based OCT image analysis are described and the following challenges are identified and described: (1) public OCT data are scarce and scattered; (2) models show performance discrepancies in real\u2010world settings; (3) models lack of transparency; (4) there is a lack of societal acceptance and regulatory standards; and (5) OCT is still not widely available in underprivileged areas. More work is needed to tackle the challenges and gaps, before DL is further applied in OCT image analysis for clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T23:09:50Z","timestamp":1685315390000},"page":"853-863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Deep learning in optical coherence tomography: Where are the gaps?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0813-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Future Technology Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An Ran","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR 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