{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:13:14Z","timestamp":1792447994865,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]],"date-time":"2024-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat with significant impact on treatment outcomes. The World Health Organization's Global Action Plan on AMR recommended strengthening the evidence base through surveillance programs and research. Comprehensive, timely data on AMR for organisms isolated from ocular infections are needed to guide treatment decisions and inform researchers and microbiologists of emerging trends. This article aims to provide an update on the development of AMR in ocular organisms, AMR in bacterial ocular infections and on AMR stewardship programs globally. The most common ocular pathogens are\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in ocular infections. A variety of studies and a few surveillance programs worldwide have reported on AMR in these infections over time. Fluoroquinolone resistance has increased particularly in Asia and North America. For conjunctivitis, the ARMOR cumulative study in the USA reported a slight decrease in resistance to ciprofloxacin. For keratitis, resistance to methicillin has remained stable for\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and CoNS, while resistance to ciprofloxacin has decreased for MRSA globally. Methicillin\u2010resistance and multidrug resistance are also emerging, requiring ongoing monitoring. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes have a critical role in reducing the threat of AMR and improving treatment outcomes. To be successful AMS must be informed by up\u2010to\u2010date AMR surveillance data. As a profession it is timely for ophthalmology to act to prevent AMR leading to greater visual loss through supporting surveillance programmes and establishing AMS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]],"date-time":"2024-03-17T23:45:27Z","timestamp":1710719127000},"page":"258-275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance in ocular infection: A review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6276-5795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Cabrera\u2010Aguas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Eye Hospital  Sydney New South Wales 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