{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:31:37Z","timestamp":1793406697977,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005809","name":"Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the clinical presentation, pathological features and outcomes of retinoblastoma based on the race of origin in a global cohort of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective collaborative study of 1426 patients who underwent primary enucleation for retinoblastoma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients were grouped into Caucasians (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009231, 16%), Asians (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009841, 59%), Hispanics (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009226, 16%), Arabs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200996, 7%) and Others (Africans, African Americans, Indigenous Australians; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200932, 2%) cohorts. On histopathology, massive choroidal invasion was higher in Asians (30%) and Hispanics (26%) than Caucasians (15%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Post\u2010laminar optic nerve invasion was higher in Asians (28%), Hispanics (20%) and Others (9%) than Caucasians (11%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). At a mean follow\u2010up of 41\u2009months (median, 35\u2009months; range, &lt;\u20091\u2013149\u2009months), tumour recurrence and metastasis\u2010related death was higher in Hispanics (9% and 12%, respectively), Asians (4% and 13%, respectively) and Others (6% and 6%, respectively). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis of outcomes based on race with 8th edition AJCC pT stage and adjuvant therapy as covariates revealed 6.8 times greater risk for orbital tumour recurrence in Hispanics compared to Caucasians (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.010) and 3.2 times risk hazards for metastasis\u2010related death in Hispanics and Asians compared to Caucasians (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.028 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.038, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The histopathological features in primarily enucleated eyes with retinoblastoma vary with race. Despite adjusting for tumour staging and adjuvant treatment, race remains an independent predictor of outcomes, including orbital tumour recurrence and metastasis\u2010related death. A stringent follow\u2010up and a more aggressive treatment approach is recommended in Asians and Hispanics who manifest high\u2010risk histopathological features.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T08:49:46Z","timestamp":1735375786000},"page":"421-434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of Race on the Outcomes of Retinoblastoma Treated With Primary Enucleation: A Global Study of 1426 Patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0800-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swathi","family":"Kaliki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer LV Prasad Eye Institute  Hyderabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijitha S.","family":"Vempuluru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer LV Prasad Eye Institute  Hyderabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alia","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Child Health Sciences Children's Hospital  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse L.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital Los Angeles &amp; USC Roski Eye Institute  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Keck School of Medicine  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosdali","family":"Diaz\u2010Coronado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Oncology Department Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neopl\u00e1sicas  Lima Peru"},{"name":"Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia  Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5560-0906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Eiger\u2010Moscovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hadassah Medical Center  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ido Didi","family":"Fabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Grossniklaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"G.","family":"Baker Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Hussein Cancer Center  Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Pe'er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hadassah Medical Center  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Ashwin","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal London Hospital Barts Health NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandeep S.","family":"Sagoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal London Hospital Barts Health NHS Trust  London UK"},{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol L.","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Oncology Service Wills Eye Hospital  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3131-9359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra E.","family":"Staffieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Royal Children's Hospital  Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia Royal Victorian eye and Ear Hospital  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Tanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Ushakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Methods of Treatment With Chemotherapy No. 1 (Head and Neck Tumors) N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology  Moscow Russian Federation"},{"name":"L.A. Durnov Department of Pediatric Oncology of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education  Moscow Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yacoub A.","family":"Yousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Hussein Cancer Center  Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"High\u2010Risk Retinoblastoma Collaborative Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00250-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.09.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.168062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00555-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.4617"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.1472"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djad069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01038-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-021-10087-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1079037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181577511"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohc.2004.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40618-3_68"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549141291S203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.690390"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.17322"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21314"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-23-816"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-024-00598-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djt292"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-019-01184-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2011.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001816"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64653-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/53.2.347"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Characterization of a New Continuous Cell Line Derived From a Human Retinoblastoma","volume":"37","author":"McFall R. C.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.289"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; Experimental Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ceo.14488","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T01:46:16Z","timestamp":1748915176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ceo.14488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ceo.14488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ceo.14488","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1442-6404","1442-9071"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1442-6404","type":"print"},{"value":"1442-9071","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}