{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T11:04:04Z","timestamp":1772622244083,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CG\/C010A\/2017_SERI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CG\/C010A\/2017_SERI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSAINV21jun\u20100002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSAINV21jun\u20100002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOHOFLCG22may\u20100003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHOFLCG22may\u20100003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OFIRG\/0048\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFIRG\/0048\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OFLCG\/001\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFLCG\/001\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OFLCG\/004c\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFLCG\/004c\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TA\/MOH\u2010 0055\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TA\/MOH\u2010 0055\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) share common microvascular pathophysiology, yet the relationship between retinal neuronal alterations and kidney dysfunction remains unclear. This cross\u2010sectional study examines the association between individual retinal layer thickness and kidney indicators to identify novel optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers for DKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 410 type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients (815 eyes) were recruited from the outpatient clinics of a tertiary eye\u00a0centre in Singapore. Retinal layer thickness was measured using OCT with automated segmentation software (Orion). The association between the thickness of individual retinal layers and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as well as\u00a0urine albumin\u2010to\u2010creatinine ratio (UACR) categories was analysed using a Generalised Estimating Equation (GEE) approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GEE analysis identified a significant association between outer plexiform layer (OPL) thickness and both eGFR and UACR category, with perifoveal OPL thickness showing the strongest inverse association with eGFR (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0007) and positive association with the category of UACR (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005). After stratifying by retinal thickness, this association remained robust in eyes without macular oedema (foveal total retinal thickness\u2009&lt;\u2009320\u2009\u03bcm). No significant associations were found for other retinal layers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OPL thickening serves as a potential indicator for DKD, and OCT imaging offers a noninvasive tool for investigating retinal\u2013renal interactions. Further longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate its utility in monitoring DKD progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T05:14:57Z","timestamp":1754889297000},"page":"1168-1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Retinal Neuronal Changes and Kidney Dysfunction in\u00a0Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre  Singapore"},{"name":"Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianhui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre  Singapore"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital  China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueheng","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre  Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre  Singapore"},{"name":"The Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farah N. I.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre  Singapore"},{"name":"SNEC Ocular Reading Centre, Singapore National Eye Centre  Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Renal Medicine Singapore General Hospital, SingHealth Duke\u2010NUS Academic Medical Center  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Renal Medicine Singapore General Hospital, SingHealth Duke\u2010NUS Academic Medical Center  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charumathi","family":"Sabanayagam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre  Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program Duke\u2010NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Coffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Signature Research Program, Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tien Yin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre  Singapore"},{"name":"Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, School of Clinical Medicine Tsinghua University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Tsinghua Medicine Tsinghua University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gavin Siew Wei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore National Eye Centre  Singapore"},{"name":"SNEC Ocular Reading Centre, Singapore National Eye Centre  Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program Duke\u2010NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-024-00209-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007525"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plasma Proteins Predict Kidney Function Trajectories in Type 2 Diabetes","author":"Gurung R. 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