{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T21:43:46Z","timestamp":1776462226144,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19H03857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19H03857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP26253093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP26253093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP9K10400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP9K10400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Congenital Anomalies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with Apert syndrome or Crouzon syndrome present with severe defects in oral\u2010maxillofacial growth and development. In this study, we conducted a quantitative three\u2010dimensional (3D) analysis of the palatal morphology of patients with Apert syndrome and Crouzon syndrome. Four patients with Apert syndrome (average age, 11.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u2009years) and five with Crouzon syndrome (average age, 10.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.6\u2009years) were investigated. The participants' maxillary dental casts were scanned and analyzed using 3D imaging. Palatal width, depth, cross\u2010sectional area, and palatal angle (PW, PD, PCA, and PA, respectively) were measured, and standard scores were calculated based on sex\u2010 and age\u2010matched Japanese standard values; the actual palatal surface areas (PSA) and palatal volumes (PV) were also measured. Our results show that patients with Apert syndrome and Crouzon syndrome had a very narrow PW (standard score: \u22123.79 and\u2009\u2212\u20090.47, respectively). 3D analysis revealed that patients with Apert syndrome had a significantly shallower PD (standard score: \u22121.35) than those with Crouzon syndrome (standard score: 2.47), resulting in a smaller PCA (standard score: \u22125.13), PSA (5.49\u2009cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), and PV (1.11\u2009cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) and larger PA (standard score: \u22120.12) than those in patients with Crouzon syndrome. This might be due to the former having a narrower and shallower palate caused by the predominant swelling of the palatal mucosa. These findings improve our understanding of the differences in palatal morphology between Apert syndrome and Crouzon syndrome patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cga.12470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T20:00:00Z","timestamp":1650916800000},"page":"153-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional analysis of the palatal morphology in growing patients with Apert syndrome and Crouzon syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Kenji","family":"Ogura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5551-2845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukiho","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rina","family":"Hikita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-514X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiko","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0580-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keiji","family":"Moriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0295-165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.26.14536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121183798"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1992.tb03620.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"923","article-title":"Differential effects of FGFR2 mutations on syndactyly and cleft palate in Apert syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Slaney SF","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(96)80011-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"90","article-title":"Apert syndrome: report of a case with emphasis on oral manifestations","volume":"8","author":"Vadiati Saberi B","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"581","article-title":"Oral manifestations in Apert syndrome: case presentation and a brief review of the literature","volume":"51","author":"Soanca A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rom J Morphol Embryol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"The oral manifestations of Apert syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Kreiborg S","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1194-275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0994-98"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Crouzon syndrome. 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