{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T07:52:39Z","timestamp":1740124359898,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,11]],"date-time":"2018-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The history of the beginnings of medical genetics in France is discussed, based on the personal perspective provided by recorded interviews with 16 early French workers in the field. The weakness of French genetics overall up to the beginning of the Second World War meant that post\u2010war medical genetics had to start from new, with its origins largely derived from the medical fields of child health and the prevention of genetic disorders, rather than from basic science. The key people responsible for initiating these developments were Robert Debr\u00e9 and Maurice Lamy at H\u00f4pital Necker in Paris and those interviewed included a number of their colleagues and successors, including Jean Fr\u00e9zal, Pierre Maroteaux, Josu\u00e9 Feingold, Andr\u00e9 and Joelle Bou\u00e9, and Jean\u2010Claude Kaplan. A separate group of paediatricians, originally at H\u00f4pital Trousseau under Raymond Turpin, including J\u00e9r\u00f4me Lejeune, Marthe Gautier and Roland Berger, was responsible for major advances in human cytogenetics. Outside Paris, workers were interviewed from Marseille, Strasbourg and Nancy, although not from Lyon, where Jacques\u2010Michel Robert was an early pioneer, particularly of genetic counselling. Challenges in the development of medical genetics in France included the advent of prenatal diagnosis with its ethical issues, the emergence of medical genetics as a distinct specialty from paediatrics, and its spread from Paris across France. These and other aspects are described by those interviewed from their own experiences, given in Appendix S1, while the fully edited transcripts for most interviews are accessible on the Web:<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.genmedhist.org\/interviews\">www.genmedhist.org\/interviews<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T16:37:10Z","timestamp":1509727030000},"page":"115-124","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conversations with French medical geneticists. A personal perspective on the origins and early years of medical genetics in France"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0399-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.S.","family":"Harper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-016-1744-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Le Mend\u00e9lisme en France et l'oeuvre de Lucien Cu\u00e9not","volume":"76","author":"Buican D","year":"1982","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00144087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1274"},{"volume-title":"Philosophie Zoologique","year":"1809","author":"Lamarck JB","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-005-0010-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"779","article-title":"La loi de Mendel et l'h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 de la pigmentation chez les souris","volume":"134","author":"Cu\u00e9not L","year":"1902","journal-title":"C R Acad Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-005-1264-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195053616.003.0003","volume-title":"The Wellborn Science","author":"Schneider WH","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/21.3.225","article-title":"The differentiation of eye pigments in Drosophila as studied by transplantation","volume":"21","author":"Beadle GB","year":"1936","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"volume-title":"Savants sous l'Occupation","year":"2004","author":"Chevassus\u2010au\u2010Louis N","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.33.1.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2009.12.005"},{"volume-title":"The Eighth Day of Creation","year":"1979","author":"Judson H","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1"},{"volume-title":"La Logique du Vivant: une Histoire de l'H\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9","year":"1970","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1"},{"volume-title":"Le Hasard et la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9","year":"1970","author":"Monod J","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/359794a0"},{"volume-title":"Genatlas: A Catalogue of Mapped Genes and Other Markers","year":"1991","author":"Fr\u00e9zal J","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1"},{"volume-title":"Travelling Around the Human Genome","year":"1993","author":"Jordan B","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.265.5172.685"},{"volume-title":"L'Honneur de Vivre: T\u00e9moignage","year":"1974","author":"Debr\u00e9 R","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"1385","article-title":"La d\u00e9couverte de la trisomie 21","volume":"55","author":"Couturier\u2010Turpin M\u2010H","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Prat"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"\u00c9loge de Raymond Turpin (1895\u20101988)","volume":"173","author":"Laplane R","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull Acad Natl Med"},{"volume-title":"La Prog\u00e9n\u00e8se","year":"1955","author":"Turpin R","key":"e_1_2_9_25_1"},{"volume-title":"Les Chromosomes Humains","year":"1965","author":"Turpin R","key":"e_1_2_9_26_1"},{"volume-title":"Life Is a Blessing: A Biography of Jerome Lejeune, Geneticist, Doctor, Father","year":"2000","author":"Lejeune C","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1"},{"volume-title":"Clinical Atlas of Human Chromosomes","year":"1977","author":"De Grouchy J","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780195187502.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"122","article-title":"Une br\u00e8ve histoire de la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique m\u00e9dicale. 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