{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:45:29Z","timestamp":1790747129973,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007605","name":"Aarhus Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007605","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016930","name":"Ferring Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016930","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovationsfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The genetic causes underlying incontinence in both children and adults have begun to be unravelled during the last decades. The aim of this scoping review is to synthesize current knowledge on the genetics of childhood and adult urinary and faecal incontinence, identify similarities between different incontinence subgroups, and identify knowledge gaps to aid future research. PRISMA\u2010ScR was used, and 76 studies were included. Early epidemiological family and twin studies suggest high heritability of incontinence. Linkage studies provide evidence for the existence of rare genetic variants; however, these variants have not been identified. Later candidate gene association studies and recent genome\u2010wide association studies provide the first preliminary evidence that common risk variants also play a role. The genetics of incontinence in children and adults has predominantly been studied separately, but this review identifies for the first time the endothelin system as a potential common pathophysiological pathway. Overall, these findings strengthen the hypothesis that genetic variants play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of incontinence. Future research should include hypothesis\u2010free studies of rare and common variants in large well\u2010characterized cohorts with incontinence. Studies should include different age groups and ethnicities and both sexes to fully reveal the genetics of incontinence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.14331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:09:41Z","timestamp":1679962181000},"page":"22-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The genetics of incontinence: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Anders","family":"Breinbjerg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health Aarhus University Hospital  Palle Juul\u2010Jensens Blvd. 99 DK\u20108200 Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Palle Juul\u2010Jensens Blvd. 11 DK\u20108200 Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilie Siggaard","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health Aarhus University Hospital  Palle Juul\u2010Jensens Blvd. 99 DK\u20108200 Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Palle Juul\u2010Jensens Blvd. 11 DK\u20108200 Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britt","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health Aarhus University Hospital  Palle Juul\u2010Jensens Blvd. 99 DK\u20108200 Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Palle Juul\u2010Jensens Blvd. 11 DK\u20108200 Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"R&amp;D, Therapeutic Area Urology Ferring Pharmaceuticals  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Rittig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health Aarhus University Hospital  Palle Juul\u2010Jensens Blvd. 99 DK\u20108200 Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Palle Juul\u2010Jensens Blvd. 11 DK\u20108200 Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Kamperis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health Aarhus University Hospital  Palle Juul\u2010Jensens Blvd. 99 DK\u20108200 Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University  Palle Juul\u2010Jensens Blvd. 11 DK\u20108200 Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane Hvarregaard","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research Aarhus University  The Skou Building, H\u00f8egh\u2010Guldbergs Gade 10 DK\u20108000 Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.109196"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ju.0000000000001634"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22751"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464\u2010410x.1998.00018.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000052236"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7048.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464\u2010410X.2008.07601.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392\u2010200112000\u201000117"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651\u20102227.1988.tb10614.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022\u20105347(06)00305\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.49.4.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464\u2010410x.1998.00015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.11.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588\u2010022\u201001285\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24134"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.18.12.407"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Male urinary incontinence: prevalence, risk factors, and preventive interventions","volume":"11","author":"Shamliyan TA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.08.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.Aog.0000218096.54169.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000252187.12793.0a"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/dcr.0000000000000514"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.196"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35057062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02168"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/m18\u20100850"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1971.02100140088007"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Enuresis: familial incidence and relationship to allergic disorders","volume":"106","author":"Zaleski A","year":"1972","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0001566000007340"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090\u20104295(90)80211\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651\u20102227.1991.tb11863.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651\u20102227.1994.tb13136.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365599509180577"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0795\u2010354"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002\u20109378(96)70437\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.34.5.360"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000052240"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464\u2010410x.1998.00005.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/21.6.579"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08035259850158317"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/080352599750030095"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365599950510292\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655901750291917"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464\u2010410x.2001.02161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65601-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65341-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.124842"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464\u2010410x.2002.02775.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001\u20106349.2004.00333.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7471.889"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001\u20106349.2004.00635.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","first-page":"1572","article-title":"An epidemiological study of enuresis among primary school children in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"27","author":"Azhir A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2006.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220601039080"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100\u2010879x2006005000151"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442\u2010200X.2007.02406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464\u2010410X.2008.07781.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20666"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e3181c04760"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20386"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345\u2010010\u20100585\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31820788d7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192\u2010011\u20101372\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.02.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.03.007"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and related factors in children aged 5\u201013 in istanbul","volume":"22","author":"Dolgun G","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2012.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22476"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2249\u20104863.152250"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/732686"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000370166"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2015.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.09.146"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo\u20102018\u2010000311"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2019.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_319_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2020.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345\u2010019\u201003046\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ju.0000000000000655"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192\u2010019\u201003878\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14657"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ju.0000000000001822"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24742"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352\u20104642(20)30350\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12358"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/med\u20102021\u20100332"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20100041\u20101728728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651\u20102227.2012.02791.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447\u20100756.2012.01942.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100447.1960.tb07593.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.5.884"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.08.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_103_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Clinical enuresis phenotypes in familial nocturnal enuresis","volume":"183","author":"Gontard A","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2013.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000480886"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2005.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192\u2010016\u20103033\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404\u2010011\u20102199\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000071243"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2014.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00344.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22607"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_113_1","first-page":"607","article-title":"Relationship between dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphisms and primary nocturnal enuresis","volume":"10","author":"Dai XM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn167"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/09\u2010sts290"}],"container-title":["Clinical Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cge.14331","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T14:09:47Z","timestamp":1692454187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cge.14331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cge.14331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cge.14331","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/CGE.14331\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/CGE.14331\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/CGE.14331\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/CGE.14331\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/CGE.14331\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/CGE.14331\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0009-9163","1399-0004"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9163","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-0004","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}