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Healthy patients served as controls (n\u2009=\u200910).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The histological analysis demonstrated low to moderate inflammation, displaying areas of inflammatory infiltrate in the bone marrow. Multinuclear giant cells and osteoclasts were found in both groups. Markers of bone formation (alkaline phosphatase, Col1a1, and osteocalcin), bone resorption (receptor activator of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010kappa<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content> ligand [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RANKL<\/jats:styled-content>], osteoprotegerin [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPG<\/jats:styled-content>], tartrate\u2010resistant acid phosphatase, and cathepsin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha, interleukin [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>]\u20101\u03b2, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor A), and apoptosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>asp3, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>asp8, p53, and Smac) were evaluated. Nonparametric statistical tests were used to identify differences between the groups. In patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ONJ<\/jats:styled-content>, the expression level of the proinflammatory marker <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 was strongly up\u2010regulated compared with controls (p\u2009=\u2009.040).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A down\u2010regulated expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>asp8 compared with controls was observed (p\u2009=\u2009.014) in patients treated with bisphosphonates. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RANKL<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPG<\/jats:styled-content> ratios were similar in the three groups. The results indicate a need to further investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the course of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ONJ<\/jats:styled-content> related to antiresorptive treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,28]],"date-time":"2015-04-28T03:59:19Z","timestamp":1430193559000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Jaw Bone Samples From Bisphosphonate\u2010Treated Patients: A Pilot Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Carina","family":"Cardemil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg  G\u00f6teborg Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery \u00d6rebro University Hospital  \u00d6rebro 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