{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:19:30Z","timestamp":1790108370252,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]],"date-time":"2017-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG\u20101438\u2010075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\u20101438\u2010075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Implant Dent Rel Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is hypothesized that levels of interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u2010\u03b1 are significantly higher in the peri\u2010implant sulcular fluid (PISF) of waterpipe\u2010smokers (WS) compared with never\u2010smokers with peri\u2010implantitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the present convenience sample case\u2010control study was to compare the levels of IL\u20106, IL\u20101\u03b2, and TNF\u2010\u03b1 in the PISF of WS and never\u2010smokers with peri\u2010implantitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Peri\u2010implant probing depth (PPD) was measured and crestal bone loss (CBL) was measured on digital bitewing radiographs. PISF samples were collected using paper strips and the collected PISF volume was determined. levels of IL\u20106, IL\u20101\u03b2, and TNF\u2010\u03b1 were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Study sample\u2010size was estimated and statistical analysis was performed.\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      values less than .05 were considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty\u2010six individuals (33 individuals in group\u20101 and 33 in group\u20102) were included. In groups 1 and 2, 41 and 44 implants, respectively were placed. The mean total PPD (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and peri\u2010implant CBL (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) was statistically significantly higher around implants affected by peri\u2010implantitis in group\u20101 compared with group\u20102. The PISF volume (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05) collected and levels of IL\u20101\u03b2 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.01), IL\u20106 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.01), and TNF\u2010\u03b1 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.01) were statistically significantly higher among individuals in group\u20101 compared with group\u20102.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>WS with peri\u2010implantitis present increased expression of local proinflammatory cytokines in the PISF than never\u2010smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  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