{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:48:32Z","timestamp":1780472912534,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]],"date-time":"2017-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP\u20131438\u2013024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP\u20131438\u2013024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Implant Dent Rel Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is postulated that clinical and radiographic peri\u2010implant parameters are worse and levels of interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)\u20109 in the peri\u2010implant sulcular fluid (PISF) are higher in cigarette\u2010smokers (CS) and smokeless\u2010tobacco users (STU) compared with nontobacco user (NTU).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study aimed to compare clinical and radiographic peri\u2010implant inflammatory parameters and levels of IL\u20101\u03b2 and MMP\u20109 levels among CS, STU, and NTU.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010five CS (Group\u20101), 42 STU (Group\u20102), and 44 NTU (Group\u20103) were included. Demographic data was collected using a structured baseline questionnaire. Peri\u2010implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were recorded and crestal bone loss (CBL) were assessed using standardized digital radiographs. PISF volume and levels of IL\u20101\u03b2 and MMP\u20109 in PISF were quantified using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical peri\u2010implant parameters and PISF IL\u20101\u03b2 and MMP\u20109 concentrations were analyzed with Kruskal\u2010Wallis test. Bonferroni post hoc adjustment test was used for multiple comparisons. <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value was set at .05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peri\u2010implant PI and PD were significantly worse in group\u20101 and group\u20102 patients as compared to group\u20103 individuals (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Peri\u2010implant CBL was also significantly higher in group\u20101 and group\u20102 compared with group\u20103 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Peri\u2010implant BOP was significantly higher in group\u20102 and group\u20103 as compared to group\u20101 individuals (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). The PISF volume (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) collected and levels of IL\u20101\u03b2 and MMP\u20109 were statistically significantly elevated among individuals in group\u20101 and group\u20102 compared with group\u20103 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01). There was no significant difference in PI, PD, CBL, and PISF levels of IL\u20101\u03b2 and MMP\u20109 among participants in groups 1 and 2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical and radiographic peri\u2010implant parameters were compromised among CS and STU as compared to NTU. Increased expression of local proinflammatory cytokines may explain greater susceptibility of CS and STU to peri\u2010implant breakdown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,16]],"date-time":"2017-12-16T10:45:29Z","timestamp":1513421129000},"page":"76-81","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Clinical and radiographic peri\u2010implant parameters and proinflammatory cytokine levels among cigarette smokers, smokeless tobacco users, and nontobacco users"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9618-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohaib","family":"Akram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry Ziauddin University Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahim","family":"Vohra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishfaq A.","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine King Saud University  Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed A.","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine King Saud University  Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawad","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Dentistry Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Rochester New 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