{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:12:09Z","timestamp":1790097129434,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]],"date-time":"2018-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Implant Dent Rel Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>To date, there has been no study identified that assessed peri\u2010implant parameters and local levels of proinflammatory cytokines between waterpipe smokers (WS) and electronic cigarette users (VS). To evaluate the true effect of the risk indicator (WS and VS), a positive control (cigarette smokers [CS]) was added in the study design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare clinical and radiographic peri\u2010implant parameters and proinflammatory cytokine profile in the peri\u2010implant sulcular fluid (PISF) among CS, WS, VS, and nonsmokers (NS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty CS, WS, VS, and NS were included. Details regarding demographics, duration of implants, and habits were recorded. Clinical examination for periodontal and peri\u2010implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD\u2009\u2265\u20094\u2009mm) were assessed. Radiographic bone loss (RBL) was assessed using digital periapical radiographs and viewed on a calibrated computer screen using an image analyzer. Levels of tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1), interleukin (IL)\u20106, and IL\u20101\u03b2 in PISF were evaluated using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean peri\u2010implant PI (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05), PD\u2009\u2265\u20094 mm (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05), and total RBL (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01) was significantly higher among CS, WS, and VS compared with NS. Statistical differences in BOP were observed in NS (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01) compared to CS, WS, and VS. CS and WS showed significantly higher PD\u2009\u2265\u20094 mm and RBL compared with VS (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Levels of TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106, and IL\u20101\u03b2 were significantly higher in CS, WS, and VS compared to NS. There were no statistical differences in the mean levels of all proinflammatory cytokines among individuals in CS and WS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tobacco smoking is associated with poor peri\u2010implant health. The effect of waterpipe smoking was of largely the same extent as that of cigarette smoking. Higher levels of inflammatory cytokines in tobacco smokers may propose increased peri\u2010implant inflammatory process which could play a principal role in the progression of peri\u2010implant tissue damage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]],"date-time":"2018-09-13T02:14:52Z","timestamp":1536804892000},"page":"1016-1021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Clinical peri\u2010implant parameters and inflammatory cytokine profile among smokers of cigarette, e\u2010cigarette, and waterpipe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Ayedh","family":"AlQahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dental Science College of Dentistry, King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah 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