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These muscles show limited variation in most gnathostomes, but in Anura they exhibit a surprising diversity. The few studies that have explored this character system highlighted its potential as a source of phylogenetic information. In this paper we explored the diversity of this character system studying specimens of 567 anuran species and reviewing published data to cover a total of 1321 species, belonging to 53 of the 54 currently recognized anuran families, as well as caudates and caecilians. We defined 27 discrete characters including the number of muscle bellies, supplementary layers, hypertrophy and diversity of elastic fibres, and pigmentation, among others, and optimized them on a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis. We recognized 223 unambiguously optimized synapomorphies for numerous clades on different scales, including three for Anura and many for suprafamiliar clades with poor phenotypic support. Finally, we discussed the evolution of this highly diverse character system, including homology, development, and its functional role in vocalization and feeding. Interestingly, the striking levels of variation in some structures contrast with the amount of phylogenetic inertia, allowing us to recognize several general patterns. Supplementary elements of the m.\n                    <jats:italic>intermandibularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    evolved first as broad layers occuring in more than half of extant anuran species and then concentrated forming discreet bellies in several clades. The anterior portion of the gular region is not sexually dimorphic, and is likely related to ventilation and tongue protraction. Conversely, the diversity of the m.\n                    <jats:italic>interhyoideus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is strongly linked to vocal sacs, which are present only in adult males, suggesting the presence of two independent modules.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T23:17:57Z","timestamp":1613863077000},"page":"489-517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evolution of the strikingly diverse submandibular muscles in Anura"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6611-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn J.","family":"Elias\u2010Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Herpetolog\u00eda Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \u201cBernardino Rivadavia\u201d \u2013 CONICET Av. \u00c1ngel Gallardo 470 Buenos Aires C1405DJR Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8193-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katyuscia","family":"Araujo\u2010Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Herpetolog\u00eda Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \u201cBernardino Rivadavia\u201d \u2013 CONICET Av. \u00c1ngel Gallardo 470 Buenos Aires C1405DJR Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7157-8131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Faivovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Herpetolog\u00eda Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \u201cBernardino Rivadavia\u201d \u2013 CONICET Av. \u00c1ngel Gallardo 470 Buenos Aires C1405DJR Argentina"},{"name":"Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Experimental Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires C1428EGA Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1655\/05-23.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.part.80390"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2008.00963.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12367"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23292"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1963.204.5.939"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"827","article-title":"On some points in the anatomy of Pipa americana","volume":"1895","author":"Beddard F.E.","year":"1895","journal-title":"Proc. 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