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However, the basic molecular phylogenetic framework for the Oxyurida is far from comprehensive, and the origin and early evolutionary history of the group remain little understood. In this study, phylogenomic analyses of the Oxyurida, involving the most comprehensive family\u2010level taxon sampling of pinworms to date, were performed based on the universal single\u2010copy orthologues and the mitochondrial protein\u2010coding genes. Phylogenomic results yielded a highly resolved tree that confirmed the validity of the family Gyrinicolidae, suggested that the Heteroxynematidae is nested within the Oxyuridae and should be treated as a subfamily within the latter family (Heteroxynematinae\n                    <jats:italic>status novus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and failed to support the separation of the subfamilies Oxyurinae and Syphaciinae. Using fossil\u2010based time priors to calibrate both mitogenomic and genomic phylogenies, we establish the first comprehensive evolutionary timescale for pinworms. Our results place the most recent common ancestor of the Oxyurida in the late Devonian and further support the hypothesis that members of the vertebrate\u2010parasitic Oxyuroidea initially parasitized reptiles and later extended their host range to mammals, and during this transition, opportunistically produced a highly specialized lineage infecting anuran tadpoles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.70047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T13:23:46Z","timestamp":1781529826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phylogenomics and the evolutionary history of the Oxyurida (pinworms)"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7533-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"L\u00fc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco\u2010Environment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences Hebei Normal University  Shijiazhuang Hebei Province P.R. 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Pierre","family":"Hugot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement Origine et Evolution, Musem National d'Histoire Naturelle ISYEB  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David I.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui\u2010Xia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco\u2010Environment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences Hebei Normal University  Shijiazhuang Hebei Province P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco\u2010Environment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences Hebei Normal University  Shijiazhuang Hebei Province P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong\u2010Ru","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco\u2010Environment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences Hebei Normal University  Shijiazhuang Hebei Province P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2338-1099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco\u2010Environment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences Hebei Normal University  Shijiazhuang Hebei Province P.R. China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology  Shijiazhuang Hebei Province P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020\u20107519(94)90189\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Adamson M.L. 1981.Life history ofGyrinicola batrachiensis(Oxyuroidea; Nematoda) in tadpoles and a revision of the Rhigonematida and Oxyurida in arthropods. PhD Thesis Department of Zoology University of Guelph1 23 pp."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065\u2010308x(08)60333\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123479"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z84\u2010050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00009383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994215.0000","volume-title":"Nematode parasites of vertebrates. 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