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Originating in the Early Jurassic, this megadiverse clade then underwent rapid speciation and morphological diversification during the Mesozoic, profoundly shaping its modern diversity. However, the early evolutionary history of many lineages remains poorly known due to a sparse fossil record. Here, we describe a new brachyceran family, \u2020Chikuniidae Feng, Yang, Engel, Ren et Wang\n                    <jats:bold>fam. nov<\/jats:bold>\n                    ., from mid\u2010Cretaceous Kachin amber. Phylogenetic analyses place it as the earliest\u2010diverging lineage of the Asiloidea + Eremoneura clade within Muscomorpha, providing a critical fossil calibration for estimating the crown age of Brachycera and refining the early diversification scenario. Exceptional preservation allows functional reconstruction of the mouthparts, corroborating specialized haematophagy in both sexes. This discovery reveals previously unknown ecological diversity among Mesozoic brachyceran flies and provides direct fossil evidence for multiple independent origins of haematophagy within Brachycera. Furthermore, evolutionary analyses of haematophagous brachycerans and their potential hosts indicate that Mesozoic blood\u2010feeding lineages likely exploited different host resources from their modern descendants, suggesting a major host transition during the replacement of Mesozoic and modern ecosystems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.70074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T09:57:35Z","timestamp":1792490255000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cretaceous Chikuniidae fam. nov. (Diptera: Brachycera) illuminates the evolution of blood\u2010feeding in lower brachyceran flies"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3674-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection Shanxi Agricultural University  Jinzhong China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology Guangdong Academy of Sciences  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6698-7392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiajia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity Conservation and Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3067-077X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8660-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1397-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology Guangdong Academy of Sciences  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04341-1","article-title":"A species\u2010level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data","volume":"602","author":"\u00c1lvarez\u2010Carretero S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/syen.12106","article-title":"Long\u2010proboscid brachyceran flies in Cretaceous amber (Diptera: Stratiomyomorpha: Zhangsolvidae)","volume":"40","author":"Arillo A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. 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