{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:43:36Z","timestamp":1791362616978,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,2]],"date-time":"2013-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Oral Implants Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Because antimicrobial therapy is often employed in the treatment of infectious dental implant complications, this study determined the occurrence of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> antibiotic resistance among putative peri\u2010implantitis bacterial pathogens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Submucosal biofilm specimens were cultured from 160 dental implants with peri\u2010implantitis in 120 adults, with isolated putative pathogens identified to species level, and tested <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> for susceptibility to 4\u00a0mg\/l of doxycycline, 8\u00a0mg\/l of amoxicillin, 16\u00a0mg\/l of metronidazole, and 4\u00a0mg\/l of clindamycin. Findings for amoxicillin and metronidazole were combined <jats:italic>post\u2010hoc<\/jats:italic> to identify peri\u2010implantitis species resistant to both antibiotics. Gram\u2010negative enteric rods\/pseudomonads were subjected to ciprofloxacin disk diffusion testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One or more cultivable submucosal bacterial pathogens, most often <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>revotella intermedia<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>nigrescens<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>treptococcus constellatus<\/jats:italic>, were resistant <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> to clindamycin, amoxicillin, doxycycline, or metronidazole in 46.7%, 39.2%, 25%, and 21.7% of the peri\u2010implantitis subjects, respectively. Only 6.7% subjects revealed submucosal test species resistant <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> to both amoxicillin and metronidazole, which were either <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0constellatus<\/jats:italic> (one subject) or ciprofloxacin\u2010susceptible strains of gram\u2010negative enteric rods\/pseudomonads (seven subjects). Overall, 71.7% of the 120 peri\u2010implantitis subjects exhibited submucosal bacterial pathogens resistant <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> to one or more of the tested antibiotics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peri\u2010implantitis patients frequently yielded submucosal bacterial pathogens resistant <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> to individual therapeutic concentrations of clindamycin, amoxicillin, doxycycline, or metronidazole, but only rarely to both amoxicillin and metronidazole. Due to the wide variation in observed drug resistance patterns, antibiotic susceptibility testing of cultivable submucosal bacterial pathogens may aid in the selection of antimicrobial therapy for peri\u2010implantitis patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,3]],"date-time":"2013-04-03T02:28:41Z","timestamp":1364956121000},"page":"82-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Antibiotic resistance in human peri\u2010implantitis microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Rams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology and Oral Microbiology Testing Service Laboratory Temple University School of Dentistry Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Degener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arie J.","family":"van Winkelhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2012.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"421","article-title":"Die Therapie der progressive marginalen Parodontitis und Periimplantitis","volume":"52","author":"Buchmann R.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Deutsche zahn\u00e4rztliche Zeitschrift"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00054-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100176"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2011.02258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, Approved Standard, Eleventh Edition, CLSI Document M02\u2013A11","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"122","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Twenty\u2010Second Informational Supplement, CLSI Document M100\u2010S22","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"Comit\u00e9 de l'Antibiogramme de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie. 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