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The effect of elevated calcium surface chemistry on bone anchorage was also investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A full factorial study design was implemented to evaluate the effects of ultraviolet (UV) light and\/or sodium lactate (SL) and discrete crystalline deposition of nanocrystals (DCD) treatments on the osseointegration of dual acid\u2010etched (AE) titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and grit blasted and AE (BAE) commercially pure titanium (CpTi) implants. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)\u2010treated CpTi implants were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) to increase calcium surface chemistry. Implants were placed in the femora of Wistar rats and tested using pull\u2010out testing (BAE implants: 5, 9, 14\u00a0days) or tensile testing (AE implants: 9\u00a0days, NaOH implants: 28\u00a0days).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ti6Al4V\u2010AE implants with DCD\u2010 and UV\u2010treated surfaces significantly increased bone anchorage compared with untreated Ti6Al4V\u2010AE alloy implants. Pull\u2010out testing of BAE\u2010CpTi implants with the DCD treatment showed increased disruption force values compared with surfaces without the DCD treatment at 5, 9 and 14\u00a0days by 4.1N, 13.9N and 15.5N, respectively, and UV\u2010treated implants showed an increase at 14\u00a0days by 8.4N. No difference was found between NaOH\u00a0+\u00a0SBF and NaOH\u00a0+\u00a0H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bone anchorage of implants was found to be improved by UV\u2010treating implants or nanotopographically complex surfaces. However, implant nanotopography was found to have a greater contribution to the overall bone anchorage and is more consistent compared with the time\u2010dependent nature of the UV treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T04:05:47Z","timestamp":1569902747000},"page":"49-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Relative contributions of implant hydrophilicity and nanotopography to implant anchorage in bone at Early Time Points"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Liddell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen\u2010Mei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa C.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02844317009038440"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34312"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"An improved mechanical testing method to assess bone\u2010implant anchorage","volume":"84","author":"Bell S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2012.00456.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820250708"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"US 8,309,162 B2","author":"Charlton J. 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