{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:27:34Z","timestamp":1792290454008,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Oral Implants Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of peri\u2010implantitis lesions are poorly understood. It was the aim to determine the content and activation status of macrophages present in human peri\u2010implantitis lesions and compare the current findings with the macrophage polarization associated with periodontitis lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 14 patients were studied in this investigation. Seven were soft tissue biopsies from dental implants affected by peri\u2010implantitis that required explantation. Seven biopsies were from chronic periodontal disease. Immunofluorescence stains were performed using biomarkers to identify macrophages (CD68<jats:bold><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><\/jats:bold>) undergoing M1 polarization (iNOS<jats:bold><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><\/jats:bold>) and M2 polarization (CD206<jats:bold><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><\/jats:bold>), along with Hoechst 33,342 to identify DNA content. All samples were stained and photographed, and double\u2010positive cells for CD68 and iNOS or CD68 and CD206 were quantified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All peri\u2010implantitis biopsies examined revealed a mixed population of macrophages undergoing M1 polarization and M2 polarization. Further analysis demonstrated the co\u2010expression of iNOS and CD206, which indicates the presence of a heterogenic immune response on peri\u2010implantitis lesions. Macrophage polarization in peri\u2010implantitis lesions presents a distinct pattern than in periodontitis. We observed a significant increase in the population of M1 macrophages on peri\u2010implantitis samples compared to periodontal disease samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results demonstrate that peri\u2010implantitis has higher numbers of macrophages displaying a distinct macrophage M1 polarization signature compared to periodontitis lesions. This pattern may explain, in part, the distinct nature of peri\u2010implantitis progression vs. periodontitis in humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]],"date-time":"2019-12-26T13:19:31Z","timestamp":1577366371000},"page":"274-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Characterization of macrophages infiltrating peri\u2010implantitis lesions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4769-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Fretwurst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral\u2010 and Maxillofacial Surgery Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory 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