{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:10:24Z","timestamp":1791216624478,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Oral Implants Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the combined effect of direct electrical current and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) for decontaminating titanium implant surfaces, using a validated in\u00a0vitro oral multispecies biofilm model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Contaminated implant surfaces were tested using an electrochemical cell consisting of a three\u2010electrode system immersed in a\n KI<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n AL<\/jats:styled-content>\n electrolyte, the biofilm\u2010coated implant being the working electrode, a platinum mesh the counter electrode, and an Ag\/\n AgCl<\/jats:styled-content>\n electrode the reference. Direct electrical currents (\n DC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) were applied at two voltage levels (\u2010\n 3\u2009V<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\u22120.\n 75\u2009V<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) for 5\u2009min, followed by a 1\u2010min rinse in 0.12%\n CHX<\/jats:styled-content>\n . The results were compared to 0.12%\n CHX<\/jats:styled-content>\n alone. Untreated contaminated implants served as negative controls. The antibiofilm effect was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction with propidium monoazide and by scanning electron microscopy in three different implant zones (threads, valleys and transmucosal machined neck). The area of residual bacteria was also calculated by image analysis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The combined treatment significantly reduced the viable total bacterial counts ([\u2010\n 3\u2009V<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009+\u2009\n CHX<\/jats:styled-content>\n ]\u2009=\u20094.6 and [\u22120.\n 75\u2009V<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009+\u2009\n CHX<\/jats:styled-content>\n ]\u2009=\u20094.9 logarithm colony forming units\u2010\n LogCFU<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/\n mL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), compared to the negative control group (6.1\n LogCFU<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/\n mL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and 0.12%\n CHX<\/jats:styled-content>\n alone (6.3\n LogCFU<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/\n mL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). The area of residual bacteria was also significantly reduced, removing over 95% of the biofilm in combined treatment groups, with slightly higher efficiency at \u2010\n 3\u2009V<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Electrolytic cleaning was able to reach all implant zones and no significant differences were found between [\u2010\n 3\u2009V<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009+\u2009\n CHX<\/jats:styled-content>\n ] and [\u22120.\n 75\u2009V<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009+\u2009\n CHX<\/jats:styled-content>\n ] for any parameter.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The proposed combined treatments were more effective in reducing the vitality of multispecies biofilms on implant surfaces compared to CHX alone.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.70012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T12:50:46Z","timestamp":1754571046000},"page":"1434-1444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antibacterial Effect of Combined Electrolytic and Chemical Decontamination Methods on Dental Implant Surfaces: In\u00a0Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3376-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Odeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri\u2010Implant Diseases (ETEP), research Group University Complutense Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3376-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leire","family":"Virto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri\u2010Implant Diseases (ETEP), research Group University Complutense Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry University Complutense of Madrid Madrid 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