{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:59:03Z","timestamp":1790398743032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Oral Implants Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Peri\u2010implantitis, a biofilm\u2010associated inflammatory disease, significantly threatens dental implant longevity. Current treatments face limitations due to biofilm robustness. This study evaluates the efficacy of antimicrobial\u2010releasing titanium\u2010silica (Ti\/SiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) composite implant systems against multispecies oral biofilms, aiming to advance innovative localized and targeted peri\u2010implantitis prevention and management strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ti\/SiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      inserts were engineered with macroporous Ti6Al4V discs produced by additive manufacturing (AM) and a sol\u2013gel\u2010derived mesoporous SiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      barrier for controlled antimicrobial release across the discs. Chlorhexidine (CHX), as the gold standard antimicrobial agent in dental practice, was tested for its release efficacy using either a laboratory\u2010prepared chlorhexidine diacetate solution (CHX\u2010DA) or the commercial formulation Corsodyl. Phosphate\u2010buffered saline (PBS) and Brain Heart Infusion\u20102 (BHI\u20102) medium served as control solutions. After establishing the CHX\u2010DA release profile, multispecies biofilms were grown on the inserts. The antimicrobial efficacy of the release systems was assessed via viability\u2010qPCR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and metabolic acid profiling. All experiments were conducted four times.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A mean pore diameter of 5.6\u2009nm was observed for the discs, resulting in a steady drug release rate (\u22480.00077\u2009mmol\/L CHX\u2010DA\/day). The antimicrobial\u2010fed inserts showed less biofilm formation, with \u2265\u20092 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      reductions in viable bacteria compared to controls. CHX\u2010DA and Corsodyl showed effective suppression of pathogenic bacteria and reductions in metabolic acid production. SEM analysis revealed morphological changes in bacterial cells on treated surfaces.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antimicrobial\u2010releasing Ti\/SiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      implant discs demonstrated sustained efficacy in biofilm prevention and treatment, indicating their feasibility as a future strategy for peri\u2010implantitis management.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.70067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:59:13Z","timestamp":1762869553000},"page":"210-223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial\u2010Releasing Implant Substrates for Combating Oral Biofilms: An In\u00a0Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Nur Hidayatul Nazirah","family":"Kamarudin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment Universiti Kebangsaan  Bangi Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Vanmunster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"FlandersMake at KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brecht","family":"Van Hooreweder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7967-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Siemons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, Leuven Chem&amp;Tech KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristel","family":"Bernaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, Leuven Chem&amp;Tech KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Teughels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4890-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabel","family":"Braem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7773-8199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naiera","family":"Zayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Targeted Drug Delivery From Titanium Implants: A Review of Challenges and Approaches","volume":"1251","author":"Barik A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Biomedical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520949851"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0739"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12549"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-016-0569-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.12.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-0124-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2022.2062219"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v033a02"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.06.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-019-0105-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01275.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.18105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13416"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030516"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12954"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16060769"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030377"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.06.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14072535"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12937"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2023.2184930"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345231172688"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345231216660"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.23-0674"}],"container-title":["Clinical Oral Implants Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/clr.70067","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/clr.70067","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/clr.70067","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:19:22Z","timestamp":1790396362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/clr.70067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/clr.70067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/clr.70067","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-7161","1600-0501"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-7161","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0501","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}