{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:00:17Z","timestamp":1790398817598,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001845","name":"Science for Equity, Empowerment and Development Division","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001845","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022306","name":"Nano Institute, University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Oral Implants Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the cleaning efficacy, quantitative and qualitative surface modifications of titanium (Ti) and zirconia (Zr) abutments following instrumentation with twelve mechanical instrumentation modalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty\u2010four Ti and twenty\u2010four Zr abutments were divided by marginal grooves into 36 test and 12 control surfaces per material. Test abutments were mounted in a custom peri\u2010implant mucositis model and treated in triplicate with twelve modalities: glycine (GPAP) and erythritol (EPAP\u20105\u2009s and 20\u2009s) air\u2010polishing; prophylaxis cup with paste; plastic, titanium and stainless\u2010steel (SS) curettes; and titanium, polyether\u2010ether\u2010ketone (PEEK) sonic, PEEK ultrasonic, SS sonic and SS ultrasonic tips. Post\u2010treatment analyses included stereomicroscopy, vertical scanning interferometry (VSI), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy\u2010dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy (EDS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Air\u2010polishing was associated with a favourable combination of high cleaning efficacy and preserved native surface morphology. SEM and VSI analyses revealed scratching, gouging and material loss on titanium abutments following instrumentation with metallic devices, whereas EPAP preserved surface morphology. Zirconia abutments demonstrated minimal topographical disruption across most modalities; however, surface residues and material smearing were detected following nearly all treatments except EPAP. EDS analyses identified elemental surface transfer on zirconia abutments following instrumentation with stainless\u2010steel and titanium instruments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All mechanical instrumentation modalities altered titanium and zirconia surfaces to varying degrees. On titanium, EPAP was associated with a favourable combination of high cleaning efficacy and preserved native surface morphology. On zirconia, both air\u2010polishing modalities achieved high cleaning efficacy with minimal topographical alteration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.70182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:32:17Z","timestamp":1790397137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cleaning Efficacy and Surface Alterations of Titanium and Zirconia Implant Abutments Following Mechanical Instrumentation: An In\u00a0Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Marina Salah","family":"Kamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Periodontics, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Spahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Periodontics, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1275-1130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Badgery\u2010Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology\/Applied Biostatistics Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4367-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tihana","family":"Divni\u0107\u2010Resnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Periodontics, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14174879","article-title":"Classification and Properties of Dental Zirconia as Implant Fixtures and Superstructures","volume":"14","author":"Ban S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12244481","article-title":"Influence of Clinical Decontamination Techniques on the Surface Characteristics of SLA Titanium Implant","volume":"12","author":"Bayrak M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1996.070302.x","article-title":"The Influence of Abutment Surface Roughness on Plaque Accumulation and Peri\u2010Implant Mucositis","volume":"7","author":"Bollen C. 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