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The literature search on the nonclinical\/recreational use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KET<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MXE<\/jats:styled-content> was carried out in a range of medical databases. Considering the limitations of peer\u2010reviewed information, data were integrated with a qualitative assessment of a range of websites, drug fora, and other online resources including e\u2010newsgroups, chat rooms, mailing lists, e\u2010newsletters, and bulletin boards. The recreational use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KET<\/jats:styled-content> has started since its discovery in 1962. This was due to its rapid onset, short duration of action, and peculiar psychotropic effects (\u201c<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010hole\u201d). The latter effect ranges from confusion to dissociation and depersonalization (near\u2010death experience). However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KET<\/jats:styled-content> abuse is often associated with physical and psychological side effects, of which the worst is urological\/bladder toxicity. Recently, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MXE<\/jats:styled-content> has emerged as a legal and \u201cbladder\u2010friendly\u201d <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KET<\/jats:styled-content> alternative. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MXE<\/jats:styled-content> presents with the same dissociative effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KET<\/jats:styled-content>, but with slower onset and longer duration of action. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MXE<\/jats:styled-content> seems to be associated with worse side effects than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KET<\/jats:styled-content>, ranging from mood disturbances\/suicidal attempts to acute cerebellar toxicity. After 50\u00a0years of its discovery, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KET<\/jats:styled-content> has led to the emergence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MXE<\/jats:styled-content>. However, this latter derivative does not appear to be a safer alternative to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KET<\/jats:styled-content> itself.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]],"date-time":"2013-02-20T12:13:20Z","timestamp":1361362400000},"page":"454-460","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["From \u201cSpecial <scp>K<\/scp>\u201d to \u201cSpecial <scp>M<\/scp>\u201d: The Evolution of the Recreational Use of Ketamine and Methoxetamine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ornella","family":"Corazza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulaf","family":"Assi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Schifano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"C52","article-title":"Sub\u2010anesthetic ketamine: how it alters physiology and behavior in humans","volume":"76","author":"Rowland LM","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aviation Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.20890"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.9545759.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"435","article-title":"Ketamine: relief from chronic pain through actions at the NMDA receptor?","volume":"68","author":"Meller ST","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1242"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(03)00307-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1972.tb08186.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2006.00802.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Perioperative ketamine for acute postoperative pain","volume":"18","author":"Bell R","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2007.10399860"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1997.10400185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1300.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222939"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25758-2_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181612cdc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826080903565321"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"StevensonC.Ketamine: A review 2003. 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