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We investigate the effects of three episodes of kainic acid\u2010induced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> (3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>) and maternal separation in immature rats on subsequent learning, seizure susceptibility, and consequences, and the anticonvulsant effects of phenobarbital, according to sex, type, and age at early life (EL) event.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> or maternal separation was induced on postnatal days (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PN<\/jats:styled-content>) 4\u20136 or 14\u201316. Rats were tested on Barnes maze (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PN<\/jats:styled-content>16\u201319), or lithium\u2013pilocarpine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PN<\/jats:styled-content>19) or flurothyl seizures (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PN<\/jats:styled-content>32). The anticonvulsant effects of phenobarbital (20 or 40\u00a0mg\/kg\/rat, intraperitoneally) pretreatment were tested on flurothyl seizures. FluoroJadeB staining assessed hippocampal injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> or separation on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PN<\/jats:styled-content>4\u20136 caused more transient learning delays in males and did not alter lithium\u2013pilocarpine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> latencies, but aggravated its outcomes in females. Anticonvulsant effects of phenobarbital were preserved and potentiated in specific groups depending on sex, type, and age at EL event.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early life 3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> and maternal separation cause more but transient cognitive deficits in males but aggravate the consequences of subsequent lithium\u2013pilocarpine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content> in females. In contrast, on flurothyl seizures, EL events showed either beneficial or no effect, depending on gender, type, and age at EL events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,14]],"date-time":"2014-10-14T10:53:10Z","timestamp":1413283990000},"page":"181-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Early Life Status Epilepticus and Stress Have Distinct and Sex\u2010Specific Effects on Learning, Subsequent Seizure Outcomes, Including Anticonvulsant Response to Phenobarbital"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ozlem","family":"Akman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saul R. 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