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Our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AS<\/jats:styled-content>s has been greatly advanced by the availability of genetic and pharmacological models, in particular the<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2010hydroxybutyrate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHB<\/jats:styled-content>) model which, in recent years, has been extensively used in studies in transgenic mice.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHB<\/jats:styled-content>is an endogenous brain molecule that upon administration to various species, including humans, induces not only<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AS<\/jats:styled-content>s but also a state of sedation\/hypnosis. Analysis of the available data clearly indicates that only in the rat does there exist a set of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHB<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010elicited behavioral and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>events that can be confidently classified as<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AS<\/jats:styled-content>s. Other<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHB<\/jats:styled-content>activities, particularly in mice, appear to be mostly of a sedative\/hypnotic nature: thus, their relevance to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AS<\/jats:styled-content>s requires further investigation. At the molecular level,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHB<\/jats:styled-content>acts as a weak<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GABA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010B agonist, while the existence of a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GHB<\/jats:styled-content>receptor remains elusive. 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