{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:10:38Z","timestamp":1790518238750,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]],"date-time":"2018-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008771","name":"Tourette Association of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The transgenic D1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20107 mouse is one of the best\u2010characterized animal models of Tourette's syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TS<\/jats:styled-content>), exhibiting spontaneous tic\u2010like Head\u2010Body Twitches (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBT<\/jats:styled-content>) and deficits in sensorimotor gating. This study is aimed at evaluating the behavioral dynamics of these mutants and their potential relevance to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The behavior of D1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20107 and Wild Type littermates was firstly assessed by considering frequencies and durations. To detect recurrent real\u2010time behavioral sequences, the multivariate T\u2010pattern analysis was employed. Analyses of transition probabilities among behaviors further provided an overall picture of the behavioral dynamics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>T\u2010patterns and transition matrices revealed in D1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20107 mice a clear\u2010cut hyperactivity compared to controls, with a lower behavioral organization and a marked shift from cautious sniffing toward locomotion. Moreover, the behavioral patterns of the transgenic mice were pervasively disturbed by intrusive tic\u2010like <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBT<\/jats:styled-content> leading to a marked fragmentation of the behavior. Novel exposure to open field provoked a transient inhibitory control over the disrupting phenotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this study show that the D1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20107 mouse model is subjected to a behavioral fragmentation, with repercussions going beyond the simple tic\u2010like phenomenon. These phenotypes are strikingly akin to behavioral problems observed in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TS<\/jats:styled-content> and further validate the power of this model in summarizing pivotal behavioral aspects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T04:33:12Z","timestamp":1515040392000},"page":"703-711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Behavioral fragmentation in the D1<scp>CT<\/scp>\u20107 mouse model of Tourette's syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health University of Florence  Florence 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