{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:53:22Z","timestamp":1782474802816,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]],"date-time":"2018-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP\u20102014\u201009\u20109730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP\u20102014\u201009\u20109730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008993","name":"Sveu\u010dili\u0161te u Zagrebu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\u2010BM82"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\u2010BM82"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008993","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 AG005138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AG005138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>The diagnosis of either Alzheimer's disease (AD<\/jats:styled-content>) or vascular dementia (VaD) is still largely based on clinical guidelines and exclusion of other diseases that may lead to dementia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Aims<\/jats:title>In this study, we assessed whether the use of sensitive and specific biomarkers such as phosphorylated tau proteins could contribute to an earlier and more accurate diagnosis of AD<\/jats:styled-content> and VaD, as well as to their differentiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Material and methods<\/jats:title>A total of 198 patients, of which 152 had AD<\/jats:styled-content>, 28 VaD, and 18 were healthy controls (HC<\/jats:styled-content>), were included in the analyses. We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF<\/jats:styled-content>) levels of total tau protein (t\u2010tau), tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 231 (p\u2010tau231<\/jats:italic>), and factor score (FS<\/jats:styled-content>) determined by combination of p\u2010tau231<\/jats:italic> and Mini\u2010Mental State Examination (MMSE<\/jats:styled-content>) in patients with AD<\/jats:styled-content> and VaD, as well as in HC<\/jats:styled-content>. We tested the diagnostic accuracy of these biomarkers in the CSF<\/jats:styled-content> and FS<\/jats:styled-content> (p\u2010tau231<\/jats:italic>, MMSE<\/jats:styled-content>) in differentiating AD<\/jats:styled-content> from VaD and HC<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Total tau levels were significantly elevated in subjects with AD<\/jats:styled-content> compared to HC<\/jats:styled-content>, as well as in VaD subjects compared to HC<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion<\/jats:title>p\u2010tau231<\/jats:sub> levels were significantly higher in patients with AD<\/jats:styled-content>vs<\/jats:italic>HC<\/jats:styled-content> as well in patients with VaD vs<\/jats:italic>HC<\/jats:styled-content>. p\u2010tau231<\/jats:italic> levels did not distinguish AD<\/jats:styled-content> from VaD patients. Importantly, FS<\/jats:styled-content>(p\u2010tau231<\/jats:italic> and MMSE<\/jats:styled-content>) showed statistically significant differences in the distribution of subjects with AD<\/jats:styled-content> and VaD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>These results indicate that FS<\/jats:styled-content> (p\u2010tau231<\/jats:italic> and MMSE<\/jats:styled-content>) has a strong potential to provide an early distinction between AD<\/jats:styled-content> and VaD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]],"date-time":"2018-02-17T18:12:44Z","timestamp":1518891164000},"page":"734-740","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated tau231<\/sub> as a biomarker in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Spomenka","family":"Ki\u0111emet\u2010Piska\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology General Hospital Vara\u017edin Vara\u017edin Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjana","family":"Babi\u0107 Leko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Croatian Institute for Brain Research University of Zagreb School of Medicine Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonela","family":"Bla\u017eekovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy University of Zagreb School of Medicine Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Langer Horvat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Croatian Institute for Brain Research University of Zagreb School of Medicine Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"Klepac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Hospital Centre \u201cZagreb\u201d University of Zagreb School of Medicine Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zdenko","family":"Sonicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics School of Public Health \u201cAndrija \u0160tampar\u201d University of Zagreb School of Medicine Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danijela","family":"Kolenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of Zagreb School of Medicine Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Hof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fishberg Department of Neuroscience Ronald M. 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