{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:11:05Z","timestamp":1789675865095,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is increasingly used as a probe of function and therapeutics in experimental neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. Scalp\u2010to\u2010cortex distance (SCD), as a key parameter, has been shown to potentially impact on the electric field. This study aimed to examine the region\u2010specific SCD and its relationship with cognitive function in the context of age\u2010related brain atrophy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed the SCD and cortical thickness (CT) of left primary motor cortex (M1) in 164 cognitively normal (CN) adults and 43 dementia patients drawn from the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS). The degree of brain atrophy was measured by the volume of ventricular system. Computational head model was developed to simulate the impact of SCD on the electric field.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased SCD of left M1 was only found in dementia patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). When considering CT, the ratio of SCD to CT (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a027.41, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001) showed better differential value than SCD. The SCD of left M1 was associated with worse global cognition (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.207, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.011) and enlarged third ventricle (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.241, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). The electric field was consequently reduced with the increased SCD across cognitively normal elderly and dementia groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scalable distance measures, including SCD and CT, are markedly correlated with reduced electric field in dementia patients. The findings suggest that it is important to be aware of region\u2010specific distance measures when conducting NIBS\u2010based rehabilitation in individuals with brain atrophy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,17]],"date-time":"2019-08-17T05:23:37Z","timestamp":1566019417000},"page":"1270-1276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Scalp\u2010to\u2010cortex distance of left primary motor cortex and its computational head model: Implications for personalized neuromodulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9090-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders Guangzhou China"},{"name":"The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda C. 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