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According to the WHO reports, there is about 30%\u201040% of epilepsy patients belong to DRE. These patients need some treatments other than drugs, such as epilepsy surgery, and neuromodulation treatment. Traditional surgical approaches may be limited by the patient's clinical status, pathological tissue location, or overall prognosis. Thus, neuromodulation is an alternative choice to control their symptoms. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is one of the neuromodulation methods clinically, which have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In this review, we systematically describe the clinical application, clinical effects, possible antiepileptic mechanisms, and future research directions of VNS for epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T00:04:14Z","timestamp":1566259454000},"page":"1222-1228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Research progress of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jing\u2010Jing","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Medicine of Neurological Diseases Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China"},{"name":"Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Medicine of Neurological Diseases Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China"},{"name":"Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian\u2010Ping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Medicine of Neurological Diseases Beijing China"},{"name":"Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5946-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Medicine of Neurological Diseases Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12605"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12175"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.48202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.06.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.06.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12178-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1642-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"e58264","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation as an adjunctive neurostimulation tool in treatment\u2010resistant depression","volume":"143","author":"Moeller S","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Ziemssen's cyclop\u00e6dia of the practice of medicine","volume":"60","author":"Nothnagel H","year":"1877","journal-title":"Br Foreign Med Chir Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.3.452"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05848.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02482.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.6_suppl_4.S15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"FDA. 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