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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\u20105th edition (DSM\u20105) is the golden standard for diagnosing perioperative NCDs. Given the impracticality of using the DSM\u20105 by non\u2010psychiatric practitioners, many diagnostic tools have been developed and validated for different clinical scenarios. The etiology of perioperative NCDs is multifactorial and includes predisposing and precipitating factors. Identifying these risk factors is conducive to preoperative risk stratification and perioperative risk reduction. Prevention for perioperative NCDs should include avoiding possible contributors and implementing nonpharmacologic and pharmacological interventions. The former generally includes avoiding benzodiazepines, anticholinergics, prolonged liquid fasting, deep anesthesia, cerebral oxygen desaturation, and intraoperative hypothermia. Nonpharmacologic measures include preoperative cognitive prehabilitation, comprehensive geriatric assessment, implementing fast\u2010track surgery, combined use of regional block, and sleep promotion. Pharmacological measures including dexmedetomidine, nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs, and acetaminophen are found to have beneficial effects. Nonpharmacological treatments are the first\u2010line measures for established perioperative NCDs. 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