{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:44:11Z","timestamp":1791247451199,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81671258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81671258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81901297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81901297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to clarify the dynamic neural activity of levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson's disease (PD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) analysis, we evaluated 41 PD patients with LID (LID group) and 34 PD patients without LID (No\u2010LID group). Group spatial independent component analysis and sliding\u2010window approach were employed. Moreover, we applied a k\u2010means clustering algorithm on windowed functional connectivity (FC) matrices to identify reoccurring FC patterns (i.e., states).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The optimal number of states was determined to be five, the so\u2010called State 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. In ON phase, compared with No\u2010LID group, LID group occurred more frequently and dwelled longer in strongly connected State 1, characterized by strong positive connections between visual network (VIS) and sensorimotor network (SMN). When switching from OFF to ON phase, LID group occurred less frequently in State 3 and State 4. Meanwhile, LID group dwelled longer in State 2 and shorter in State 3. No\u2010LID group occurred more frequently in State 5 and less frequently in State 3. Additionally, correlation analysis demonstrated that dyskinesia's severity was associated with frequency of occurrence and dwell time in State 2, dominated by inferior frontal cortex in cognitive executive network (CEN).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using dFNC analysis, we found that dyskinesia may be related to the dysfunctional inhibition of CEN on motor loops and excessive excitation of VIS and SMN, which provided evidence of the changes in brain dynamics associated with the occurrence of dyskinesia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T04:10:52Z","timestamp":1665720652000},"page":"192-201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Altered dynamic functional network connectivity in levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesia of Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Si","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caiting","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyue","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing 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