{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T23:18:35Z","timestamp":1767914315524,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a heterogeneous group of inflammatory central nervous system disorders caused by a misdirected immune response against self\u2010antigens expressed in the central nervous system. The thymus is a central organ in the immune system and thymic tumors are thought to be possible initiators of many neurological disorders. Recently, there is growing evidence that thymomas are associated with autoimmune encephalitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study initially explored the characteristics of patients with autoimmune encephalitis combined with thymoma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used patient data from January 1, 2011 to October 1, 2021 from the PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, and CNKI platforms to analyze overall demographics, frequency of symptoms and associations, and treatment prognosis outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 68 patients were included. There were 39 female cases (57.4%). The mean age was 50\u2009years (IQR 40\u201366\u2009years). All had acute and subacute onset. The clinical manifestations were mostly cognitive changes (70.6%), mental disorders (57.4%), and epilepsy (50.0%). The most common neuronal antibody was alpha\u2010amino\u20103\u2010hydroxy\u20105\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities were present in 81.0% of patients, mostly in the hippocampus, temporal lobe, and some in cortical and subcortical areas. Abnormalities in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in 69.8% of patients. Treatment involved immunotherapy and thymoma treatment, with 79.7% of patients improving after treatment. While 20.3% of patients had a poor prognosis. Further, 14.8% of patients relapsed. Mental disorders, autonomic dysfunction, sleep disturbances, anti\u2010Ma2, and thymoma untreated were more frequent in patients with poor prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thymoma\u2010associated autoimmune encephalitis is a unique disease entity. Long\u2010term follow\u2010up of chest CT findings is recommended for patients with autoimmune encephalitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T04:50:08Z","timestamp":1678769408000},"page":"1213-1221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Thymoma\u2010associated autoimmune encephalitis: Analysis of factors determining prognosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Wenli","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoni","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology Fudan University Shanghai China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders Fudan University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoke","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kangping","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8108-9013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology Fudan University Shanghai China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders Fudan University Shanghai China"},{"name":"Human Phenome Institute Fudan University Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2936-1005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70222-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00313028809059510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.310087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11121577"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577670"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Contactin\u2010associated protein\u2010like 2 antibody\u2010mediated neurological disease:clinical characters analysis of 12 cases","volume":"38","author":"Jia Y","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Apoplexy Nervous Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"299","article-title":"A case of anti\u2010contact protein\u2010associated protein 2 antibody\u2010associated encephalitis after thymoma operation and literature review of%","volume":"33","author":"Xu H","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Tumor Res Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis associated with autoimmune encephalitis: clinical features of two cases and a literature review","volume":"28","author":"Bi Z","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09666-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116666"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000505232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874419880423"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"194","article-title":"Um caso cl\u00ednico de Encefalite Paraneopl\u00e1sica","volume":"36","author":"Silva CFND","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Port Med Geral Fam"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"248","article-title":"A case report and literature review of paraneoplasticlimbic encephalitis","volume":"10","author":"Yang Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Med Pharm"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"639","article-title":"One case of anti AMPAR encephalitis combined with myasthenia gravis and literature review","volume":"35","author":"Tang Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Focus"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"621","article-title":"Anti\u2010CV2 antibody\u2010associated autoimmune encephalitis with myasthenia gravis: a case report and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Zhao X","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Injury Funct Reconstr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"549","article-title":"Clinical analysis of 11 cases of anti\u2010contact protein\u20102 antibody\u2010associated encephalitis","volume":"07","author":"Zhao J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1358-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"945","article-title":"B2 thymoma with anti\u2010\u03b1\u2010amino\u20103\u2010hydroxy\u20105\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010isazolpropionic acid receptor antibody encephalitis case.J","volume":"11","author":"Wang J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05040-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1528"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"S585","article-title":"More than diabetic neuropathy: a pins and needles case of anti\u2010LGI1 and anti\u2010CASPR2 associated limbic encephalitis","volume":"34","author":"Wagle S","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-230709"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"228","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 12 cases of anti\u2010gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid\u2010B receptor encephalitis","volume":"22","author":"Dai J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin Gen Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.cr.17-00135"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P6.118","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.90.15_supplement.P6.118","article-title":"Case presentation of CRPM5 encephalitis secondary to a thymoma","volume":"90","author":"Walia J","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.9682-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.04.421"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9132-0"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","article-title":"Multiple autoantibody\u2010related paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis with complete neurologic recovery","volume":"90","author":"Shoemaker T","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.17l02257"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.01.011"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","article-title":"Thymoma\u2010associated myasthenia gravis in a young adult with development of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis and systemic lupus erythematosus post\u2010thymectomy: a case report","volume":"10","author":"Liu R","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000134"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-8659.2016.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.cn-000930"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2015.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2680-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Clinical analysis of multiple anti\u2010neuron antibody positive autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"49","author":"Ren H","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chin J Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.1715"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001682"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.cr.14-00300"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17340\/jkna.2015.3.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.03.043"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","first-page":"S187","article-title":"Limbic encephalitis anti\u2010Ma2, thymoma and myasthenia gravis","volume":"261","author":"Franco AC","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2014.0666"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5090\/kjtcs.2013.46.3.234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.06.016"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","first-page":"182","article-title":"Limbic encephalitis with gad\u2010antibodies and thymoma","volume":"13","author":"Greene TS","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.05.026"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","first-page":"S183","article-title":"Not just myasthenia gravis: a patient with thymoma and paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis","volume":"6","author":"Gansner J","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.11.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00822-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-2019-thym-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.12.3872.h8003872_3872_3879"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.779"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.652820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4.387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09686-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Neuroimmune diseases and responsible antibodies","volume":"28","author":"Chen XJ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhongguo Shen Jing Mian Yi Xue He Shen Jing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.687536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09230-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2018.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13797"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Autoantibody\u2010associated psychiatric syndromes: a systematic literature review resulting in 145 cases","volume":"52","author":"Endres D","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh203"}],"container-title":["CNS Neuroscience &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cns.14166","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cns.14166","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cns.14166","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T21:50:52Z","timestamp":1702072252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cns.14166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cns.14166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.14166","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1755-5930","1755-5949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1755-5930","type":"print"},{"value":"1755-5949","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}