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Microglia activation\u2010induced neuroinflammation may be an essential factor in this. Propofol has been shown to clear sleep debt after SD in rats. This study aims to evaluate the effects of propofol\u2010induced sleep on ameliorating sleep quality impairment and cognitive decline after 48\u2009h SD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Almost 8\u201312\u2010week\u2010old rats were placed in the SD system for 48\u2009h of natural sleep or continuous SD. Afterwards, rats received propofol (20\u2009mg\u00b7kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7h\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 6\u2009h) via the tail or slept naturally. The Morris water maze (MWM) and Y\u2010maze test assessed spatial learning and memory abilities. Rat EEG\/EMG monitored sleep. The expression of brain and muscle Arnt\u2010like protein 1 (BMAL1), brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and BMAL1 in the hypothalamus were assessed by western blot. Enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay detected IL\u20106, IL\u20101\u03b2, arginase 1 (Arg1), and IL\u201010 levels in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence was used to determine microglia expression as well as morphological changes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to the control group, the sleep\u2010deprived rats showed poor cognitive performance on both the MWM test and the Y\u2010maze test, accompanied by disturbances in sleep structure, including increased total sleep time, and increased time spent and delta power in non\u2010rapid eye movement sleep. In addition, SD induces abnormal expression of the circadian rhythm protein BMAL1, activates microglia, and causes neuroinflammation and nerve damage. Propofol reversed these changes and saved sleep and cognitive impairment. Furthermore, propofol treatment significantly reduced hippocampal IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106 levels, increased BDNF, Arg1, and IL\u201010 levels, and switched microglia surface markers from the inflammatory M1 type to the anti\u2010inflammatory M2 type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Propofol reduces SD\u2010induced cognitive impairment and circadian rhythm disruption, possibly by lowering neuronal inflammation and switching the microglia phenotype from an M1 to an M2 activated state, thus exerting neuroprotective effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T04:09:53Z","timestamp":1721189393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Propofol improves sleep 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