{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:15:01Z","timestamp":1785762901700,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) causes motor neuron loss and progressive paralysis. While traditionally viewed as motor neuron disease (MND), ALS also affects non\u2010motor regions, such as the hypothalamus. This study aimed to quantify the hypothalamic subregion volumes in patients with ALS versus healthy controls (HCs) and examine their associations with demographic and clinical features.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010eight participants (24 ALS patients and 24 HCs) underwent structural MRI. A deep convolutional neural network was used for the automated segmentation of the hypothalamic subunits, including the anterior\u2010superior (a\u2010sHyp), anterior\u2010inferior (a\u2010iHyp), superior tuberal (supTub), inferior tuberal (infTub), and posterior (posHyp). The neural network was validated using FreeSurfer v7.4.1, with individual head size variations normalized using total intracranial volume (TIV) normalization. Statistical analyses were performed for comparisons using independent sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests. Correlations were calculated using Pearson's and Spearman's tests (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The standard mean difference (SMD) was used to compare the mean differences between parametric variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The volume of the left a\u2010sHyp hypothalamic subunit was significantly lower in ALS patients than in HCs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023, SMD\u2009=\u2009\u20100.681). No significant correlation was found between the volume of the hypothalamic subunits, body mass index (BMI), and ALSFRS\u2010R in patients with ALS. However, right a\u2010sHyp (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.420, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.041) was correlated with disease duration, whereas right supTub (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.471, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.020) and left postHyp (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.406, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.049) were negatively correlated with age. There was no significant difference in the volume of hypothalamic subunits between males and females, and no significant difference was found between patients with revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS\u2010R) scores \u226441 and\u2009&gt;41 and those with a disease duration of 9 months or less.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main finding suggests atrophy of the left a\u2010sHyp hypothalamic subunit in patients with ALS, which is supported by previous research as an extra\u2010motor neuroimaging finding for ALS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T05:54:13Z","timestamp":1718690053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Volume loss in the left anterior\u2010superior subunit of the hypothalamus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1334-8826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadegh","family":"Ghaderi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-7825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzad","family":"Fatehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Neurology Department University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust  Leicester 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