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However, the neural circuits linking these neurons to other brain regions remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the connectivity mechanisms of the PNMT\u2010expressing neurons in the NTS (NTS\n                      <jats:sup>PNMT<\/jats:sup>\n                      neurons).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The methodologies employed in this study included a modified rabies virus\u2010based retrograde neural tracing technique, conventional viral anterograde tracing, and immunohistochemical staining procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 43 upstream nuclei projecting to NTS\n                      <jats:sup>PNMT<\/jats:sup>\n                      neurons were identified, spanning several key brain regions including the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, and telencephalon. Notably, dense projections to the NTS\n                      <jats:sup>PNMT<\/jats:sup>\n                      neurons were observed from the central amygdaloid nucleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, area postrema, and the gigantocellular reticular nucleus. In contrast, the ventrolateral medulla, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and lateral hypothalamic area were identified as the primary destinations for axon terminals originating from NTS\n                      <jats:sup>PNMT<\/jats:sup>\n                      neurons. Additionally, reciprocal projections were evident among 21 nuclei, primarily situated within the medulla oblongata.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our research findings demonstrate that NTS\n                      <jats:sup>PNMT<\/jats:sup>\n                      neurons form extensive connections with numerous nuclei, emphasizing their essential role in the homeostatic regulation of vital autonomic functions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T02:10:46Z","timestamp":1718676646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mapping of afferent and efferent connections of phenylethanolamine\n         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