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However, long\u2010term and repetitive taVNS is difficult to achieve in awake mice. Therefore, developing a new taVNS method that fully mimics the method used in clinical settings and is well\u2010tolerated by awake mice is greatly important for generalizing research findings related to the effects of taVNS. The study aimed to develop a new taVNS device for use in awake mice and to test its reliability and effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrated the reliability of this taVNS device through retrograde neurotropic pseudorabies virus (PRV) tracing and evaluated its effectiveness through morphological analysis. After 3\u2009weeks of taVNS application, the open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were used to evaluate anxiety\u2010like behaviors, and the Y\u2010maze test and novel object recognition test (NORT) were used to evaluate recognition memory behaviors, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that repetitive taVNS was well tolerated by awake mice, had no effect on anxiety\u2010like behaviors, and significantly improved memory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that this new taVNS device for repetitive stimulation of awake mice is safe, tolerable, and effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T13:22:41Z","timestamp":1726060961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Feasibility and effectiveness of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (<scp>taVNS<\/scp>) in awake mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Yu\u2010Mei","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology Xuzhou Medical University  Xuzhou Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology Xuzhou Medical University  Xuzhou Jiangsu China"},{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs Xuzhou Medical University  Xuzhou Jiangsu 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