{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:46:12Z","timestamp":1790765172918,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CNS Neurosci Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epilepsy, a prevalent neurological disorder, is distinguished by episodic abnormal discharges of neurons within the brain, resulting in transient brain dysfunction. Prior research has identified a novel form of cell death termed ferroptosis, which is intricately linked to the initiation and progression of epilepsy. It has been demonstrated that astaxanthin (AST) can inhibit ferroptosis by enhancing the activity of nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2010related factor 2 (Nrf2), thereby providing cytoprotection. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether AST can alleviate neuronal ferroptosis in epilepsy by activating the Nrf2\/GPX4 pathway, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By constructing a kainic acid (KA)\u2010induced epilepsy mouse model and a KA\u2010induced HT22 cell model, we employed behavioral testing, Western blot analysis, quantitative real\u2010time reverse transcription qRT\u2010PCR, ferroptosis\u2010related assay kits, immunofluorescence staining, and other methods. These methodologies were utilized to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of AST on ferroptosis in KA\u2010induced epileptic mice and HT22 neurons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results demonstrate that AST pretreatment alleviates KA\u2010induced epileptic behaviors and cognitive impairments in mice and mitigates ferroptosis indicators such as lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial morphological alterations. This neuroprotective effect appears to be mediated by the activation of the Nrf2\/GPX4 signaling axis. In\u00a0vitro studies further revealed that AST confers neuroprotection against KA\u2010induced HT22 neuronal cell death, an effect that is abrogated by an Nrf2 inhibitor. Hence, the neuroprotective properties of AST are significantly associated with the modulation of the Nrf2\u2010mediated ferroptosis pathway, as corroborated by bioinformatics analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The AST effectively inhibits neuronal ferroptosis in both in\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro epilepsy models via the Nrf2\/GPX4 pathway. This finding suggests that AST holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T04:05:47Z","timestamp":1739765147000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Astaxanthin Inhibits Ferroptosis of Hippocampal Neurons in Kainic Acid\u2010Induced Epileptic Mice by Activating the Nrf2\/\n                    <scp>GPX4<\/scp>\n                    Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5913-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shihao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou 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