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However, their interactions with other medications present significant challenges to treatment efficacy and safety. Patients with ASVD often require multiple treatment regimens due to complex comorbidities, which increases the risk of drug\u2013drug interactions (DDIs). These interactions can lead to drug resistance, reduced therapeutic outcomes, or adverse effects. A thorough understanding of DDIs is crucial for optimizing patient care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aims to explore the clinical significance. mechanisms, and implications of DDIs in antiplatelet therapy Additionally, it seeks to identify future research directions to advance personalized treatment strategies and improve therapeutic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature review was conducted using key databases, focusing on clinical studies, mechanistic research, and guidelines related to antiplatelet therapy and DDIs. Findings were analyzed to identify common interaction patterns, associated risks, and management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review identifies common DDIs involving antiplatelet drugs, particularly with anticoagulants, nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs, and proton pump inhibitors. These interactions primarily occur through pharmacokinetic mechanisms, such as alterations in drug metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes, and pharmacodynamic mechanisms, including synergistic or antagonistic effects on platelet inhibition. Clinically, DDIs can increase bleeding risk, reduce antiplatelet efficacy, and contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Strategies to mitigate these risks include individualized drug selection, dose adjustments, genetic testing, and therapeutic drug monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Effective management of DDIs in antiplatelet therapy is essential to improve clinical outcomes. A patient\u2010specific approach, considering comorbidities, genetic predispositions, and concurrent medications, is crucial. The review categorizes DDIs based on clinical settings and underscores the need for further research on predictive biomarkers, pharmacogenomics, and advanced monitoring techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DDIs significantly impact the effectiveness and safety of antiplatelet therapy, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms and clinical implications. Future research should focus on developing personalized treatment approaches, integrating genetic testing, and optimizing pharmacological monitoring to minimize risks and improve therapeutic outcomes. This review provides a foundation for advancing clinical practice and enhancing the management of patients with ASVD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T02:30:22Z","timestamp":1739241022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Understanding Drug Interactions in Antiplatelet Therapy for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Xiangqian","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Advanced Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7809-0187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahao","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Advanced Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Advanced Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1190-4710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Advanced Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8886-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunming","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Advanced Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1376-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Advanced Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-8758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Advanced Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcrp.2023.200212"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.0190"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406656"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-021-00024-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_30_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1302504"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7329.71"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","first-page":"Iv24","article-title":"Molecular Basis for the Inhibition of Prostanoid Biosynthesis by Nonsteroidal Anti\u2010Inflammatory Agents","volume":"21","author":"Smith W. 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