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However, its increased presence in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients has led to a focus on the relationships between\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>A. muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and diseases, with the underlying mechanisms remaining unknown.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Solochrome cyanin, hematoxylin\u2013eosin staining (H&amp;E) and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess demyelination and inflammation. Gut microbiota changes were examined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Intracellular cytokine levels were assessed by flow cytometry. Cognitive impairment was evaluated using four behavioral tests. Intestinal barrier function and pyrin domain\u2010containing protein 3 (NLRP3)\u2010mediated neuroinflammation were evaluated by immunoblotting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that treatment with an appropriate dose of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>A. muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (5.0\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009CFU\/mL) reduced neuropathology and disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. In addition,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>A. muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      supplementation increased the diversity and abundance of intestinal microbiota while decreasing the\n                      <jats:italic>Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                      ratio. Moreover, it improved intestinal barrier function and attenuated Th17 responses in the gut, central nervous system (CNS), and lymphoid tissues, without affecting Treg response in the lymphoid tissue. Furthermore,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>A. muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      administration partly regulated cognitive impairment and hippocampal NLRP3\u2010mediated neuroinflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results suggest that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>A. muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      holds promise as a probiotic for treating NLRP3\u2010associated inflammatory disorders and cognitive impairment, including MS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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