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However, the efficiency of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in different cognitive behavior protocols remains elusive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate changes in working memory and behavioral performance after different cerebellar rTMS to provide objective neurobiological guidance for optimizing cerebellar TMS parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 75 healthy adult volunteers underwent rTMS at various frequencies (1, 5, 10, and 20\u2009Hz) or received sham stimulation. Electroencephalogram recordings were captured in the resting state and 2\u2010back working memory tasks, both before and after stimulation. Behavioral results, event\u2010related potential (ERP) waveforms and spectrum, and brain network topology changes were compared among the groups and rTMS conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Behavioral results significantly differed between the 5\u2009Hz stimulation and sham groups. Analysis of ERP data suggested that 5\u2009Hz stimulation significantly increased P150 amplitude compared with sham. Time\u2010frequency analysis showed enhanced \u03b8 and \u03b1 oscillations after 5\u2009Hz stimulation, with \u03b1 oscillations significantly higher than those in sham stimulation. Resting state brain network analysis demonstrated increased \u03b8 band global efficiency and whole brain local efficiency after 5\u2009Hz stimulation. In contrast, 20\u2009Hz stimulation only reduced the shortest path length. In the 5\u2009Hz stimulation group, P150 amplitude and \u03b1 oscillation were significantly correlated with the reaction time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, rTMS at 5\u2009Hz applied to the cerebellar Crus II region significantly enhances neural oscillatory activity and improves working memory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T05:06:42Z","timestamp":1752728802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Cerebellar Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at Different Frequencies on Working Memory: An EEG Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0236-1446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjie","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xixi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2336-2018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0627-6935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuiying","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.813444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1006231"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.982630"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92413-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01453-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101531"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.980998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1197422"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20071050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94051-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1337976"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23882"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini\u2010International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The Development and Validation of a Structured Diagnostic Psychiatric Interview for DSM\u2010IV and ICD\u201010","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan D. 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